Spiritual Development From A Cognitive Perspective

Spiritual Development from a Cognitive Perspective Emily Werst Biola University Rosemead School of Psychology Spiritual development has been explored for the past 30 years (Love, 2002) and has become a growing source of knowledge that adds to our understanding of the human experience across the lifespan. The purpose of the current work is to investigate spiritual development, particularly from a cognitive developmental perspective. The theories and findings that will be discussed aim to support the assertion that an individual’s cognitive development has a profound impact on his or her spiritual development; the two go hand in hand, and an understanding of an individual’s current stage of cognitive development has profound implications for the spiritual development of that individual. This idea will be supported by first reviewing the foundational understanding of Piaget’s cognitive stages of development. From there, Harms’s theories will begin to draw spiritual implications from cognitive development, which will lead us to an exploration of Fowler’s (2004) developmental theory of faith. Finally, Parks (2000) shall bring both cognitive and spiritual development together in her developmental model of faith. Park’s theory provides a robust model, supporting the idea that an individual’s cognitive development has a profound impact on his or her spiritual development. Though both involve distinct developmental stages throughout an individual’s lifespan, it isShow MoreRelatedSpiritual Formation1595 Words   |  7 PagesSPIRITUAL FORMATION THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN BY SOMMER BARNES LIBERTY UNIVERSITY ONLINE Abstract In this research paper, I will try to illustrate my hypothesis of spiritual formation throughout the lifespan by using my interpretation of a collection of theories. 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Strengths and weaknesses of the Transpersonal Theory within social work will be addressed in great detail. There will be an assessment of a case and the client within the micro system

Research Paper Ccou 301 - 604 Words

Research Paper Topic, Preliminary Research and Rationale For this assignment, I have chosen to breakdown some of the basic issues that cause a lack of intimacy and sex with marriages. I also intend to use proven counseling methods to help Christian counselors battle this issue within married couples. The title of the paper will be: The Necessity for Sexual Intimacy in Marriage. From pastoral experience, counseling married couples having difficulties in their marriage usually stems from a lack of intimacy. Both husband and wife for various reasons have drawn away from affection, intimacy and sex. There is great value in this information because once the issue of intimacy is explained and resolved. Couples usually go on to live productive†¦show more content†¦Atlanta, GA: Dake Bible Sales. Gostecnik, C. (2007). Sexuality and the Longing for Salvation. Journal of Religion Health.

I Stand Here Ironing Essay Example For Students

I Stand Here Ironing Essay I Stand Here Ironing: The short story by Tillie Olsen, I Stand HereIroning, is an example of a mother daughter struggle. From what I understand,the young mother initially has a rough life, and can barely keep track ofherself and her daugher, Emily. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Category:book reportsPaper Title:I Stand Here IroningText:The short story by Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing, is an example of amother daughter struggle. From what I understand, the young mother initially hasa rough life, and can barely keep track of herself and her daugher, Emily. Because the mother must work to support them, she always put Emily into otherpeoples care, and even had to send her away for several different periods. This caused the distance between the mother and Emily to become greater, even tothe point that Emily does not like physical affection such as hugs from hermother. The mother loves her daughter greatly, but she does not have the meansof providing for her child as she would like to. As there are other children andhusbands added to the family, Emily seems to move farther from them all. As Emily grows older, the mother is regretful of the way Emily has grown up. The mother says, We were poor and could not afford for her the soil of easygrowth (pg 29). The mother criticizes and blames herself for this, causingtension in their already stressful relationship. The mother is obviouslysuffering from guilt and wretched memories of Emily suffering. Emily, too, issuffering. We see her stiffness towards all that care for her, her quietness inher daily duities, and her feelings of worthlessness towards herself. She feelsthat she is extremely ugly and stupid, and constantly compares herself to heradorable younger sister, Susan, who has the perfect Shirley Temple image. This is why, in the beginning of the story, someone who cares about Emily, isasking her mother how he/she can help Emily. And, as the mother stands thereironing, she contemplates her daughter and the troubles that they have. Theconstant motion of the ironing is like a sedative to the mother, as it calms hergreatly. Because ironing is such a monotonous job, the mother has time to thinkher disturbing thoughts. Thus, the theme of coming to terms with and overcomingthe past hardships emerges. Personally, I have a hard time relating to the whole story. I can understand,but I cant really internalize them. I suppose that it just is an example of abasic dysfunctional mother-daughter relationship. The story does a good job ofshowing a mothers anguish over her daughter, and a depressed teenager who isstruggling to overcome her unhappy childhood. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Project Management Methodologies

Question: Describe about prologue to Agile and scrum technique. Answer: Programming relationship, for instance, Agile give answer for other various business substances went up against with undertaking advancement challenges. Deft is an organization framework which propels coordination among the delegates, grants progressive supervision and alteration inside an affiliation using its theories. The reason of this paper examinations utilization of Agile in Valpak affiliation. This paper takes a gander at the kind of change systems used as a piece of Valpak and their last items. It inspects the method, applications and how it has lead the advancement and expansion of Valpak. Here the logical examination of Valpak waterfall association. Valpak Case Valpak Direct Marketing Systems, Inc., by and large suggested as Valpak, is a showcasing association that is controlled by Cox Target Media, Inc. Valpak gives print, convenient and sends coupons to the home. Valpak was one of the essential association to adequately execute Scaled Agile frameworks (Waardenburg, and Vliet, 2013). President of the association was Agile authority supporter. It was fundamental for Valpak for the powerful Agile move. Deft is not just limited to IT Department of the association. It is a general public that could be joined to the entire association. It is the best strategy to approach wanders. Right when then entire affiliation goes composed, entire affiliation talks the same tongue and all divisions are in a condition of congruity about the work. This favorable circumstances the affiliation. Valpak was a standout amongst the most reliable adopters of the Scaled Agile frameworks. In this change to scaled adroit structures, change is requested at every level say gathering, undertaking and portfolio levels. Valpak used both scrum and Kanban Agile progressions in the affiliation (Gandomani et al 2013). Scrum was used for ordinary developmental work like making endeavor beginning with no outside help or adding segments to an endeavor venture. Kanban was used for techniques that develop more as for stream that portrayed cycles like keep up hardware and items inside the business. Case in point, organization coupons like infection repairs used Kanban since they can't be made as a gathering thing and madeb to meet the elements of the sprint. Valpak used building Kanban to orchestrate, and realize especially fused structures over all gatherings and errands (Dingsyr, 2013). Building adventures are the tremendous advancement exercises critical to create portfolio answer for support present and future business needs of the association in need. Wellsprings of building adventures are: Mergers or acquisitions, where one two affiliations unite into one more noteworthy affiliation. This requires consolidation of two working configuration adventures. Affiliation may use more a la mode headways for including the benefits of the more progressive development, or if the present establishment in the affiliation is outdated (Paasivaara, Durasiewicz and Lassenius, 2008, August). Confinements and they may include: Performance and Scalability hindrances. Affiliation may need to grow their item execution and scale up the undertaking. In this circumstance, then the present plans might be inadequate to meet the solicitations. Affiliation can get or develop new responses for area each one of the confinements that the affiliation has been standing up to. A whiteboard can be used to track the progression of Architectural adventures. A table addresses the present status of each basic epic, whether it is in early masterminding stage, plan stage or in any change stage. Valpak has used another sort of Kanban for their portfolio organization. Portfolio Kanban was used to mastermind, sort out and manage a course of action of business stories. Business legends are just are endeavors. In Scaled Agile structures endeavors are thought to be business adventures. Purposes important to Valpak for using portfolio Kanban are recorded underneath: Transparency is the best favored point of view that has bounced out at Valpak for using the portfolio Kanban. It helped in totally discernible indispensable movement excess. Divisions are not working in storage facilities on their little scale wanders. Work in Progress limits can be set to avoid "examination loss of movement". Valpak described an endeavor as claim to fame unit which satisfies the going with criteria: Three or more sprints of effort. Three or more spry gatherings that were critical to orchestrate and has a broad business segment regard/impact to the endeavor (Chuang, Luor and Lu, 2014). Valpak used physical sheets broadly to track the headway of the endeavors. It was a key device for accomplishment composed change Sprint accomplishments and sprint goals were the reports used. Capable change was not an overnight change. Valpak was an ordinary waterfall shop with the normal waterfall issues, for instance, missed dates, a considerable measure of unconstrained work, business and IT course of action issues, et cetera. There were various diverse issues that were not recorded. The central attempt at quick giving off an impression of being senseless, ordinary application that made them cheat with Scrum adequately just to be hazardous. This first attempt was never accomplished by the association. The goal of executing Agile approachs from the lesser staff individuals never endured since each individual had embraced to their arrangement of programming creation.making each person to react to the new framework was troublesome without the backing of the senior Valpak officials.they needed to show sympathy toward the group to receive to the new arrangement of Agile and Scrum philosophy. Engineering legends are broad innovation programming utilized as a part of formation of portfolio answers for encourage progressing and future activities. It is a formative innovation created by Agile programming association. Structural legends is a venture including all necessities in portfolio answers for fledgling the future needs (Bellomo and Woody, 2012). An all-around created compositional stories are stipulated and oversaw inside the portfolio overabundance. Where site is the result of created building epic kanban framework. Compositional epic experiences a few procedure after usage to indicate critical results. The finished results of the compositional epic relies on upon the overall economy and the level of business innovation. Design epic is driven by four different elements inside the extent of an undertaking. These powers incorporate the sort of new item and the accessible, varieties in innovation which has impact on compound administrations, the sort of engineering drive n difficulties and counteractive action of abnormal state of speculations. Valpak regrouped and began needing to change the entire affiliation. Both the president and the CIO blended what the future state would take after (Stavru, 2014). One on one social events were held in which the senior power listened to the stresses and issues of the staff and started to develop believe all through the affiliation. That is what is considered as a not too bad start for such enormous change. After various tries and mixed results, there was still a huge amount of uneasiness over executing capable. The activity bunch said "we should essentially endeavor it," and a short time later the outing began with no turn back anyway they expected to confront a couple of deterrents. After the hidden pilot try failed, the activity gather intensely went "all in" as opposed to endeavoring the common pilot bunch system yet again. As Stephanie portrayed it, they tore "the Band-Aid off fast" and have most of the gatherings encountered the adjustment meanwhile, instead of at different time allotments. They place assets into planning over the entire affiliation and redid the association around eight agile gatherings. They got deft and embedded them with the gathering to help in the change. He was incorporated for more than 8 months. 3-4 days for every week on area. Spry extraordinariness get-togethers were coordinated every month. These were audit of surveys. It was a social development in the affiliation and this development requested/required sponsorship from the activity and continued with support and organizations intend to get the change. Key accomplishment variables in spry change are recorded underneath: Top-down sponsorship with base up drive. There should once more from top level to endeavor the agile frameworks. Everyone from the base level like originators, executive, bunch drives should be convinced to compose and get the change, It was key for Valpak to utilize an independent spry guide, Continued sponsorship every day to assist and help with change and Senior organization commitment. Results of changing to Agile are recorded underneath: More crucial organization focus Easier organization of IT resources (Martini, Bosch, and Chaudron, 2014). This was expert by having submitted scrum gatherings to handle wanders two associations taking after deft and waterfall may gain a thing same time term. However, it should be seen that the association taking after Agile framework can offer thing with better code quality, since flexible can manage the movements much speedier when stood out from the waterfall system (Yu, and Petter, 2014). Arrangement and composed exertion. Since all gatherings started taking after deft, gatherings are favored balanced and cooperated better over past. Better specialist proficiency and confirmation is observed. Conveying more unremitting worth to the customers as indicated by their taste and inclination. Openness and straightforwardness extended. Responsiveness and additivity was habituated by the people in the association. Programming quality wa s advanced (Martini, Bosch and Chaudron, 2014). This is in light of the fact that in deft QA bunches work with creators pair and defects are recognized in parallel with the progression. Every two specialists have a QA. Conclusion In conclusion unmistakably for each business association to appreciate the advantages of Agile techniques there must be clear stipulated strategy and bolster elements. Each part in the association must have clear comprehension of each progression and choice made by the administration. References Van Waardenburg, G., Van Vliet, H. (2013). When agile meets the enterprise. Information and software technology, 55(12), 2154-2171. Gandomani, T. J., Zulzalil, H., Ghani, A. A. A., Sultan, A. B. M., Nafchi, M. Z. (2013). Obstacles in moving to agile software development methods; at a glance. Journal of Computer Science, 9(5), 620. Dingsyr, T., Moe, N. B. (2013). Research challenges in large-scale agile software development. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 38(5), 38-39. Mahmoud, S. S., Ahmad, I. (2013). A green model for sustainable software engineering. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 7(4), 55-74. Chuang, S. W., Luor, T., Lu, H. P. (2014). Assessment of institutions, scholars, and contributions on agile software development (20012012). Journal of Systems and Software, 93, 84-101. Stavru, S. (2014). A critical examination of recent industrial surveys on agile method usage. Journal of Systems and Software, 94, 87-97. Martini, A., Bosch, J., Chaudron, M. (2014, August). Architecture technical debt: Understanding causes and a qualitative model. In 2014 40th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (pp. 85-92). IEEE.

Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India

Introduction Employees are very important in the normal running of organisations. According to Adetule (2011, p. 94), employees are the wheels upon which an organisation runs towards its goals and objectives. Many organisations that have achieved massive success realised the importance of employees. The management must ensure that there is satisfaction of all the employees, from the middle managers to the junior most workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivated employees tend to deliver better results than those who work under frustrations. When hiring an employee, there is always a psychological contract that is signed between the employer and the employee. Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 210) defines psychological contract as â€Å"An individual’s beliefs regarding the terms and condit ions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party.† The employer would have some expectations that should be met by the employee. The employee would also have some expectation about the benefits to be offered by the firm, and the kind of tasks that will be assigned. The main problem with this psychological contract is that it is rarely spoken about in a formal setting. In some occasions, these expectations are met in one way or the other. In other occasions, the expectations are not met at all. Failure to meet these expectations would constitute a violation of the psychological contract. Adetule (2011, p. 73) defines psychological contract violation as â€Å"The emotional or affective state that may result from the perception of psychological contract breach.† On the other hand, Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 211) defines psychological contract violation as â€Å"The feelings of anger, injustice, resentment and distrust that arise fro m the realisation that an organisation has not honoured the psychological contract.† This research paper will analyze the effect of psychological contract violation on organisational commitment, trust and turnover intention in public and private sector organisations in India. Critical Review of the Article This article has given a detailed insight into the role of psychological contract in boosting employees’ performance. According to McGregor’s Theory X, human being fear work naturally, and would always seize any opportunity available to avoid some of the tasks that they are fully aware they should undertake. For this reason, the management must always subject them to strict supervision in order to avoid any form of laziness within the organisation. However, McGregor was also conscious of the self-driven people who were always focused on achieving good results even without supervision. He therefore, developed Theory Y which holds that people always have the inte ntion of working hard, and with minimal motivation, they can deliver good results without any strict supervision.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two cases can possibly occur within different organisations depending on the perception of the employees. It is very rare for an employee to get into an organisation with a culture of team spirit and commitment amongst all employees and apply contrary. As Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 211) say, if such a lazy employee finds that the culture of this organisation do not tolerate this laziness, he or she will have the option of quitting the firm or joining others in their organisational culture. This article observes that when an employee is hired, he or she will develop a psychological contract with the firm and the management on various issues. Some of these issues may include the salaries to be earned, and its possible adjust ment as time goes by based on the output of the employee. Others may not be discussed in a formal setting during the process of signing a contract such as organisational culture and team spirit amongst the employees. However, the employee would develop these expectations with the anticipation that they shall be met. Successful organisations have learnt how to manage these expectations in order to ensure that their employees remain motivated. One of the ways of managing these expectations would be to engage the new recruits in consultative forums about what they expect out of the organisation. This should be the case both in public and private sectors because the reaction of the employee in both cases would always be similar. When the employee expectations are understood, it would be possible to find a way of addressing them to be in line with the organisational culture, and to find a way of maximising the exact potential of the employees. Understanding individual employee’s e xpectation within the firm makes it possible for the management to manage them as a way of maintaining focused workforce. This research article observes that the commitment, trust and turnover of employees will always depend on the ability of the employer to respect their psychological contract. As Adetule (2011, p. 6) says, people would like to be respected. Employees like an environment where their views are given consideration. This way, they feel that they are part of the organisation. Respecting employees is one of the ways of respecting the psychological contract. It helps cement the relationship between the employer and the employee. The employee will feel committed to the organisation and this will be reflected in the turnover. They would feel obligated to give back to the firm as a way of realising a mutual benefit. Adetule (2011, p. 4) notes that successful firms- both private and public- have realised the importance of respecting their employees and giving their views ser ious consideration. This helps in eliminating the perception that they are just employees who will one day leave the firm when the terms of service ends. In its place, it develops the feeling that employees are part of the organisation that forms its future. When the employees are made to feel that their future is tied together with the future of the firm they work for, they tend to be committed, a fact that promotes their output within the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any form of disrespect from the management or any employee in authority is always reflected as a breach of this contract. When employees feel that there is some form of breach of the contract, they would develop withdrawal symptoms. The feeling that they are not part of the organisation sets in, and their commitment to the firm wanes away. This would result into a massive drop of their output, a fact that would be reflected in the dismal performance of the firm. According to this article, it is very challenging to meet the psychological expectations of employees. Firms have started embracing downsizing and rightsizing as a way of improving their output. According to Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 217), one of the factors that have devastating effect on the morale of the employees is the act of retrenchment. It is a fact that many would expect that after retrenchment, those who remain within the organisation would be expected to be happy, not just because of their luck, but also because it is a sign that the organisation recognises them as pillars that cannot be eliminated. However, this is not always the case. The employees who remain after others have been retrenched always develop a sense of insecurity. They feel that the way psychological contract of their peers were violated, so shall theirs ’ be after some time. This alone, will make them feel that the management has betrayed them. They will feel that their psychological contract with the firm has already been violated. The effect would always manifest itself almost immediately. Employees would focus more on issues that would protect their future than those that are meant to bring success to the firm. They will develop a feeling that their future is not tied with that of the firm, and therefore, any futuristic benefit to the firm would not be shared with them. This makes them develop a negative perception about their assigned tasks. A lot of their efforts will be taken in looking for alternative jobs that have a sense of security. This happens in both public and private sectors within the environmental context that this research was conducted. Organisational trust is one of the factors that have been associated with positive output of employees. Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 214) defines trust in the organisat ion as â€Å"The evaluation of an organisation’s trustworthiness as perceived by the employee.† Employees should develop trust with the organisation they are working for, especially the management. In India, and many other developing nations, there has been a lot of confrontation between employers- in both the public and private sectors- and the employees in the organisations. One of the factors that have been associated with this confrontation according to Adetule (2011, p. 112), has been due to unfulfilled promises.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An organisation can make a promise, out of collective bargain, that it will make a given payment to its employees at a given period. It is the responsibility of that organisation to ensure that such promises are met in order to build trust between the employer and the employees. It is natural that there might a case where the promise made may not be fully met within the originally set period. It would be appropriate to ensure that such information is communicated to the relevant people within the right time. The reason given should be valid, and the management should not forget to emphasise on the fact that it is still committed to its promise. It may be necessary to give a date when the promise would be met. This will help maintain trust that exists between the employer and the employee. According to Adetule (2011, p. 215), the top management is the agent of the owners, and when they make promises to employees, they always believe that the promise is made by the firm itself. These promises made at individual levels should also be fulfilled to ensure that the individual develops trust with the firm at a personal level. It may appear that fulfilling these promises can be a very expensive process. However, it goes a long way in building a strong trust between the employer and the employee. One factor that the management should keep in mind is that promises should be as minimal as possible. The management should try to avoid making promises that may not be fulfilled because it may lead to a lot of problems in the future. Psychological contract violation was also considered to be closely related to employee turnover within an organisation. According to Adetule (2011, p. 53), it is important to understand the difference between intention to turnover and the actual turnover. The intention to turnover refers to the resolve that an employee has to quit his or her current job. This drive may make an employee develop some justification that would make him or her quit th e current company to look for other employers. The intention to turnover would lead to actual turnover. The intention to turnover is always affected by the perception of the employees towards the employer. When the employee feels that the employer is not caring for him or her, the intention to turnover would exist. The drive to deliver good results would go down, and this would lead to low actual turnover. When the employee feels that the psychological contract that existed between him or her and the employer is violated, the intention to turnover would be very high. This will affect the overall performance of such an employee, a fact that reflects the intention to quit the current employment. Implications of Shahnawaz and Goswami’s Findings The findings of Shahnawaz and Goswami have a clear message to the employers about effective management of employees and how this affects their commitment to the employing organisation. This article clearly states that employees are very i mportant assets within an organisation. However, unlike other assets, employees are human beings with feelings and emotions which have direct impact on their output. When an employee is hired, he or she will develop a psychological contract with the employer. In some cases, the psychological contract would be based on the formal agreements that the management has made with the employee when signing the contract. In other cases, the psychological contract would be based on some personal feelings and expectations of the employee based on various environmental issues. From this article, it is important that the management understands this psychological contract in order to maintain a pool of motivated employees. Employees’ commitment will always be influenced by the ability of the employer to respect this psychological contract. This article clearly indicates that when the management breaches the psychological contract that exists between it and the employees, then it would not be possible for the firm to achieve its strategic goals with the same employees. According to Adetule (2011, p. 97), many unsuccessful organisations have failed to appreciate the importance of respecting employees. This is particularly common in the public sectors where those trusted with the management do not feel that they own the organisation. Instead of employing transformational leadership approach that would ensure the rights of employees are respected and their views taken into consideration, some managers still use the dictatorial management approach where their statements are supposed to be respected without any challenge. This may be in contravention of the rights of employees. Such management practices would constitute the psychological contract violation. When this happens, Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 213) say that employee’s output will drop, leading to a lower output of the organisation. When the employees feel that they are not respected, their commitment t o the firm fades away. They develop the feeling that if the management is not committed to their rights, then it is unnecessary for them to remain committed to the firm. They would start treating various issues and assignments casually. Their intention to turnover increases because of lack of commitment. They feel that they are not obliged to give a positive output to the firm. This is particularly dangerous in a work setting where the output of a firm directly depends on the attitude with which, employees approach their work. According to Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 212), there are some work settings that are more sensitive to the attitude of employees than others. For instance, a hotel that operates with a team of disillusioned employees is more likely to have an instant negative impact on its overall performance. When customers visit the facility only to be met by gloomy employees who feel that they are not obligated to deliver good results, then it becomes almost impossible to satisfy such customers. Some of the customers may ignore such cold receptions, but others would leave such facilities even before they can be given any service. This article also emphasises on the relevance of managing employees’ expectations. The two scholars realised that managing expectations of the employees is one of the ways of keeping them constantly motivated within the firm. Different employees will have different expectations when they are hired. Some of these expectations can be met by the firm within the time they shall be working in the firm, while others may not easily be achieved because of various reasons. These expectations would constitute factors that would define the psychological contract that an employee develops with the firm. Adetule (2011, p. 74) says that it is important to ensure that all the expectations of the employee are addressed before they are hired. This can only be possible by engaging them in a consultative forum where they will be expe cted to share their expectation with the employing authority. The employer is required to evaluate the expectations with the view of addressing them before hiring the individual. The management should be clear to the employees about the needs that can be met, and those that are beyond the capacity of the firm. This makes the employee re-evaluate the psychological contract to make it fit within the environment that has just been explained. This will avoid cases where employees harbour some expectations that may appear wild to the management. This means that when they accept the job, they will be accepting the terms offered by the management. They will feel obligated to the firm even when their initial expectations are not met because they were informed before their deployment. Conclusion Employees form a very important part of an organisation. They are the policy implementers whose activities are expected to make a firm succeed in the market. Public and private organisations have the obligation of maintaining high levels of motivation among their employees. From the discussion above, it is clear that a team of motivated employees can be very important in helping a firm achieve its operational and strategic goals. This motivation largely depends on the way employees feel that they are treated within the organisation. If they feel respected, then they will be committed to the firm, and this will motivate them to deliver good results. The employer must therefore, maintain respect with the employees. List of References Adetule, J 2011, Handbook on management theories, Author House, Bloomington. Shahnawaz, M Goswami, 2011, Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment, Trust and Turnover Intention in Private and Public Sector Indian Organisations. Vision, vol. 15. no. 3, pp. 209–217. This essay on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India was written and submitted by user Brodie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Womens Advantage

The Women’s Advantage It seems that in times before the women’s movement, women weren’t thought of by men to be capable of being self sufficient. All a woman could do and was expected to do before today’s times was to get married, take care of the children and the house, cook meals, and do anything and everything her husband asked of her. Women weren’t expected to get a detailed education like men would. Men would often treat their wives like children making them listen and obey every command that was given. Women were often looked at as weak and incapable of intelligent thought. Because women were thought of this way, they thought this way as well pretty much until the women’s movement. These views become apparent in the readings of â€Å"A Doll’s House,† and â€Å"Trifles.† In â€Å"A Doll’s House,† a controlling father and a controlling husband treat a young lady like a child, and in turn she grows up acting like a child, or doesn’t grow up at all. Torvold, the controlling husband, talks to his wife, Nora, as if she were a child. By her being treated like this all of her life, she acted as if she were a child. This becomes more and more apparent throughout the play until the very end. It starts off by Torvold getting sick and needing to take a long vacation, which is the only thing that can save his life. Knowing this, Nora took him away for a while so that he can relax and not focus on anything. They didn’t have the money to do such a thing so Nora had to secretly borrow money from a man by the name of Krogstad. Throughout the play, Torvold finds out that Krogstad had borrowed money in the past. Torvold didn’t think it was right to spend money you didn’t have or that wasn’t your own and had said that it made him physically sick to be around such people. Knowing this, Nora tries as hard as she can to keep the secret from him so that he won’t feel the same way towards her. This is one of the many child... Free Essays on The Women's Advantage Free Essays on The Women's Advantage The Women’s Advantage It seems that in times before the women’s movement, women weren’t thought of by men to be capable of being self sufficient. All a woman could do and was expected to do before today’s times was to get married, take care of the children and the house, cook meals, and do anything and everything her husband asked of her. Women weren’t expected to get a detailed education like men would. Men would often treat their wives like children making them listen and obey every command that was given. Women were often looked at as weak and incapable of intelligent thought. Because women were thought of this way, they thought this way as well pretty much until the women’s movement. These views become apparent in the readings of â€Å"A Doll’s House,† and â€Å"Trifles.† In â€Å"A Doll’s House,† a controlling father and a controlling husband treat a young lady like a child, and in turn she grows up acting like a child, or doesn’t grow up at all. Torvold, the controlling husband, talks to his wife, Nora, as if she were a child. By her being treated like this all of her life, she acted as if she were a child. This becomes more and more apparent throughout the play until the very end. It starts off by Torvold getting sick and needing to take a long vacation, which is the only thing that can save his life. Knowing this, Nora took him away for a while so that he can relax and not focus on anything. They didn’t have the money to do such a thing so Nora had to secretly borrow money from a man by the name of Krogstad. Throughout the play, Torvold finds out that Krogstad had borrowed money in the past. Torvold didn’t think it was right to spend money you didn’t have or that wasn’t your own and had said that it made him physically sick to be around such people. Knowing this, Nora tries as hard as she can to keep the secret from him so that he won’t feel the same way towards her. This is one of the many child...

1. Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

1. Paper - Essay Example In this regard, the essay aims to provide two concrete business examples of Kant’s CI theory by elaborating on the dilemma and by providing appropriate solutions, as deemed ethically appropriate. The term lay-offs are defined as â€Å"suspension or termination of employment (with or without notice) by the employer or management† (Business Dictionary, par. 1). The option for management’s decision to layoff employees are evaluated when organizations are faced with any of the following: business slow-down, financial difficulties, work interruption, positions are no longer required, among others. More significantly, justifications could be categorized as any of the following moves, to wit: to make strategical organizational changes, to make necessary improvements, or ultimately, to save the company from further dilemmas. Despite the mentioned justifications, layoffs have been known to cause emotional pain, stress, suffering and anxiety for potential employees to be laid off and to the supervisors who are appointed, by responsibility, to inform the employees of the decision. Ethical dilemmas of layoffs ensue when employees need to be terminated despite appropriate and expected performance delivered according to their job descriptions. Using Kant’s CI, Gilbert emphasized that â€Å"applying a rights and duties approach to the ethical analysis of layoffs, it appears that the central question is whether an employee has a moral right to his or her job, and whether supervisors then have a corresponding moral duty not to terminate that employee until he or she forfeits that right† (Gilbert, 16). Using Kant’s basic premise of the CI, the supervisor is given the duty by senior management to layoff identified employees to ensure that the organization would survive, an impending financial threat that could be due to recession, depending on their performance in the company, length of service, and other

Was the Iraq war legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Was the Iraq war legal - Essay Example The reason is that the US adopts a realist policy as the basis of carrying out its foreign policy. Successive American governments have followed offensive realist approaches and refused to agree or endorse any treaties, whose objectives do not correspond to United States interests. In a bid to strengthen its power, United States has repeatedly called for greater global acceptance of democratic ideologies, as well as an increased role of global institutions. Ironically, the United States has ignored global institutions like United Nations (Jakobsen and Jakobsen 2009). Another underlying reason behind Iraq incursion is the US energy policy, despite perpetrators stressing that Iraq war was solely for self defense against weapons of mass destruction, and for humanitarian intercession, as well. US policy on energy is based on a strong fervor that the nations’ needs may only be met through economic and military superiority. A principal upshot of this policy is that corporations that have associations with the oil sector are not to be defied in any manner. America tolerates sufficient refinery capacity and seeks alternative sources of energy elsewhere. Accordingly, once publicized policies to develop artificial fuels to recover oil from shale have resulted into a scam on the country’s taxpayers. Additionally, United States vehicle makers whose profits depend on guzzlers have the lowest convoy average mpg in many years. As global demand for oil increases, American leaders have come to increasingly depend on their military strength when required to take control of oil producing nations such as Iraq, which are less accustomed to America’s fuel precedence. Hence, United States decided to meet its energy needs by continuing a geopolitical realm... Another underlying reason behind Iraq incursion is the US energy policy, despite perpetrators stressing that Iraq war was solely for self-defense against weapons of mass destruction, and for humanitarian intercession, as well. US policy on energy is based on a strong fervor that the nations’ needs may only be met through economic and military superiority. A principal upshot of this policy is that corporations that have associations with the oil sector are not to be defined in any manner. America tolerates sufficient refinery capacity and seeks alternative sources of energy elsewhere. Accordingly, once publicized policies to develop artificial fuels to recover oil from shale have resulted into a scam on the country’s taxpayers. Additionally, United States vehicle makers whose profits depend on guzzlers have the lowest convoy average mpg in many years. As global demand for oil increases, American leaders have come to increasingly depend on their military strength when req uired to take control of oil-producing nations such as Iraq, which are less accustomed to America’s fuel precedence. Hence, United States decided to meet its energy needs by continuing a geopolitical realm using force on Iraq (Hinnebusch 2007). Some manifestations to this assertion were the posting of more than one hundred thousand troops and additional fourteen thousand oil infrastructure security guards in Iraq in 2005. America also puts some warships to defend oil tankers in and around the Persian Gulf.

Slave ownership in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slave ownership in America - Essay Example They were degraded, kept like animals and had no civil rights. They were for decades, invisible in the human society. However, slowly as advancements were made, as agriculture took and backseat to science and people began to see beyond economics, things changed. Blacks and white people began to realize that slavery was wrong. They realized that enslaving a whole race of people was simply unacceptable. Over time, more and more slaves began to get an education. They began to read and understand that their lives had value. Individual people changed the course of a nation as they taught others that racism was something to be scorned. The battle was slow, it took decades to win but steadily they did win. As literacy spread, as knowledge and understanding of the value of a human life was established, abolition became possible, and acceptable. Analysis: Initially, blacks came to the shores of American as missionaries caught them in African and took them into bondage. This first set of slaves was perhaps the most terrified. They had come to a strange land, brought by strange men who considered them savages. They forced them to give up their religion, their culture and their social behavior and made them into a slave. The brutality they endured broke their spirit and any rebellion on their part meant sure death. Since they were considered savages their lives were worthless. Once the culture of slavery was established the economic advantage the country gained allowed the culture to continue. It was forgotten that the original slaves were brought to be 'saved' by the greater god. The fact was they were a cheap form of labor that allowed their masters to control them without any rules or regulations. Overtime slavery became an institution so that children born into it knew no other life and did not realize that they could have something more than the brutal life they lived. That was the tragedy of slavery. Human life is sacred mainly because it is an intelligent form of life. Yet, this race of people was completely cut off from getting an education, from being allowed to realize that they were even human. The critical analysis of African American literature is the key to understanding slavery. For it is hard to believe how the blacks allowed themselves to be slaves for so long. Reading the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave we realize how a whole race was subjugated for so long. From the first line of the book we realize that slave owners thought of slaves as animals. They were treated like animals and so, came to believe that they were less than human. Slaves were so confined to their individual plantations that they did not know another world existed outside it. Douglass writes of himself as a boy who did not know how old he was. That was nothing unusual for slave he wrote "know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs" (p. 47). This goes to prove the mindset of slaves; they considered themselves comparable to animals. Slave owners tried hard to ensure that no slave became literate. They realized that the only way to control the blacks was making them completely dependent on them. They made sure slaves were born and stayed that way. Every slave owner knew that once a slave learnt to read and write he would be able to think about and critically evaluate his situation and that would lead to the abolition of slavery. In the words of Mr. Auld, his master, "If you give a nigger an

The Importance Of Electronic Devices Media Essay

The Importance Of Electronic Devices Media Essay Nowadays many people cannot be separates from electronic devices. They believe it can help them to finish their work. Its true because by using electronic devices it will make us easier to do our job. For instance computer. If we use computer in working like make a report, send an email, and finding sources it will be easier beside we do not need use computer. It is because we do not need to write it manually, if we make a report or an email, we just type it in the computer and it will be faster than we write it manually. We also do not need to find sources that we need from magazine or newspaper, because now we have an internet in or life. By using an internet we can find many things that we need in a snap, so it will not waste our time. Internet is very useful for our life and it also happen for university student, for it gives us many advantages but there are also some disadvantages of internet. In this essay we will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of internet for u niversity student. There are some advantages of internet for university student. Communication is one of the advantages of internet. Communication is very important for university student nowadays, since it can make them easier to contact their friend. Usually university student have many group task and sometimes they cannot meet each other to do the work, by using internet they can connect with each other easier and faster than texting, send a letter, or using telephone. They can send their task to their group by email. Email facility has allowed people to communicate with minimum wastage of time. It is now possible to send a message to any part of the world through a simple email address and the message are delivered in a matter of seconds (Ambekar 2008). Beside email they also can communicate with each other by chatting, video conferencing, or internet telephony. The other advantage of internet for university student is in find information. There are so many information in internet, by one click we can find all information in the internet from the oldest until the newest information all offer the world. Whether this information is about the latest news happenings in the world or information about your favorite celebrity, everything is available at your fingertips (Ambekar 2008). Many university students must do their task by research from book, journal, magazine, or newspaper, but now they only need one click to do all of that. It will make them easier and faster to do their task, so they will not waste their time to find the information that they need through book, journal, magazine, or newspaper. To search this information we need search engine, and now there are so many search engine that we can use. For instance Google, Yahoo search engine, Bing and much more. That is why internet is very useful for university student to find any informat ion in this world especially for a busy student. The last advantage of internet for university student is for entertainment. Many university student that is very busy with their task and they cannot watch movie, play games, chatting together with their friends, but now by using internet they can watch movie, play games, and chatting with their friends while they do their task at home. There are many movies in the internet from the oldest until the newest movie the entire world. Beside that there are also many online and offline games for student that like to play. The university student also can find their favorite song or music video via internet, internet have many kind of song and music video even the song that have not release or the album have not release. By using internet they can find the newest song or film that they like. Other than that, for university student who like to chatting, they can also chatting via internet. There is much kind of programs that provide chatting feature. For instance windows live messenger, yahoo messenger, Gtalk, skype, and much more, with these programs they can chat with their friends faster and easier rather than texting or telephone. Beside that they also can do video conferencing or internet telephony with their friends for they who want to see face to face especially for boy and girl who have long distance relationship. Likewise dating has also allowed people to find their prospective soul mates (Ambekar 2008). When internet gives university student many advantages, it also can give disadvantages. There are two disadvantages of internet for university student. Plagiarism is one of disadvantages of internet for university student. Internet gives many information for university student, it can make student thinks to copy the information and paste it in to their assignment especially for lazy student. With a large amount of information freely available on the internet theft and misuse of this information is a likely possibility (Ambekar 2008). They do not need to think their own idea, but they only copy what have they got from the internet and paste it directly in Microsoft word and they submit it as their work. This is happen because there are no secure in some web in the internet, so university student can easily and directly copy or does plagiarism. The other disadvantage of internet for university student is a virus. There are many viruses from internet recently. Many websites are notorious for sending adware, viruses and also other malicious software that can slow the computer and in some cases even harm it considerably (Ambekar 2008). This virus can affect the function of the students computer or laptop. It can make the computer or laptop work very slow and it also can give trouble for the student. Nowadays all of the university students are using laptop and computer to their task or assignment, if there is a virus in their laptop or computer it will make them hard to do and finish their task or assignment. Thats why virus is one of disadvantages of internet for university student. There are the advantages and disadvantages of internet for university students. The advantages are for communication, find information, and for entertainment. By using internet they can easily communicate with other and they can also get much new information that happen in the world. The disadvantages are plagiarism and viruses. In using the internet the students must also becarefull, for it many viruses that can cause a lot of damage to their computer other than that, because there are too many information in internet it will make them lazy and try to do plagiarism, as a university student they must try to avoid plagiarism. Thats why Internet can give us more advantages if we can use the internet in the right purpose and try to keep the disadvantages away.

The Ahmanson Ranch Development :: Ventura Country Environmental Essays

The Ahmanson Ranch Development It all started back in 1989 when Home Savings of America announced to build a giant new community consisting of 3,050 homes, two schools, two hotels, two golf courses and 400,000 square feet of commercial and industrial areas on the 5,400-acre Ahmanson Ranch located at the eastern end of Ventura county, adjacent to Los Angeles County. Even though the Ahmanson Ranch has been owned by Home Savings of America since 1963, the nature remained undisturbed all these past years. The ranch has become one of the important habitats for barely surviving native organisms including threatened or endangered species. For this and other important reasons, an organization, Friends of Ahmanson Ranch, was formed to stop the development with the support from other environmental organizations, local legislatures, politicians and public. Almost seven years have passed since the beginning of this issue, but the conflict still remain unsolved. What is interesting about this issue is the diversity in the reas on which the Friends of Ahmanson Ranch claims for protecting the Ahmanson Ranch from development. They point out a variety of reason, and they are not necessarily environmental opinion. First, the reasons of opposition starts from visible things such as plants and living organisms. President of the Native Plant Society San Gabriel Chapter, Melanie Baer, states that the wild grassland ecosystem of Agoura Hills located in the Ahmanson Ranch provides an important habitat for almost-extinct native plant species called Purple needle-grass, or Stipa pulchra. She also suggests that the mitigation of this plant will not be successful due to its difficulty and poor peripheral environment, such as golf course, of the mitigation site. Similaly, Dr. Barbara J. Collins, professor of biology at California Lutheran University, argues that the environmental impact report prepared for the development was inadequate and she points out the importance of the oak savannah along a North-facing slope of Lakey Mesa in the Ahmanson Ranch. According to her opinion, these oak trees are about 200 to 300 years old valley oaks and they are very sensitive species. A large portion of these oaks wi ll be removed, and the remaining will most likely not survive the environmental changes they will go through due to its sensitive nature. In addition, these plants create crucial habitat for other living organisms such as birds, mammals, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Some of them are even listed in the Federal and State endangered and threatened species lists.

Marketing: Ice Cream and Jerry

Market Research Report for Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream By: Swati Sugandh Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Incorporated started in 1978 when Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield bought their first ice cream scoop shop in Burlington, Vermont. Since then, Ben & Jerry’s has grown from being only offered in Vermont to other States and Countries around the world. Throughout the growth of Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. , many movements have been made in aspects of ingredients, packaging, advertising, and image.An example of these movements is branching out from common Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream to Greek and Sorbet types of desserts. The support of Farm Aid and Fair Trade are two imperative factors in regards to image and ingredients for Ben & Jerry’s ice cream. In today’s society, customer awareness is vital in promoting anyone’s product in the instance for Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. their web site has been able to inform a wareness of the variety of premium flavors they offer, their memorabilia available in their online store, and all the benefits that Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream offers their customers.Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. recognizes that the majority of their loyal customers are women between the ages of twenty to forty years old. Due to that fact most of the advertising done to promote Ben & Jerry’s ice cream is done in the areas that would reach this target market. Although Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. has many strengths there are some areas that Ben & Jerry’s could grow in and develop in order to reach future customers to widen their target market. Overall, Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. s a well known company that has been around for many years and will continue to be due to their dedication to their unique flavors and types of ice cream and frozen desserts. For the continual growth of Ben & Jerry’s the company is alway s discovering alternative ways to make and promote their company at all aspects of the creation of the perfect pint of premium ice cream. Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. strives to â€Å"create prosperity for everyone that’s connected to their business: suppliers, employees, farmers, franchisees, customers, and neighbors alike† (Ben &Jerry’s). There are many ways that Ben & Jerry’s has accomplished meeting these goals. First is their growing Fair Trade movement, this movement is about empowering small farmers in developing countries to compete and thrive in the global marketplace. Ben & Jerry’s buy’s cocoa, vanilla, sugar, coffee, and bananas from many different parts of the world. Additional ways that Ben& Jerry’s upholds their goals are by using cage-free and free-range eggs, and by their Caring Dairy program that only uses cows that have no rBGH (recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone).The containers of Ben & Jerry’s Ice cream is Forest Stewardship Council certified which means, â€Å"that the paperboard comes from forests that are managed for the protection of wildlife habitat, maintenance of biodiversity, avoidance of genetically modified tree species, and protection of traditional and civil rights, among other Rainforest Alliance criteria for healthy forests† (SEAR). Ben & Jerry’s offers over 30 different flavors of ice cream; they also have other types of ice desserts such as sherbet, and Greek yogurt for all customers to enjoy their favorite flavor and type.Ben & Jerry’s is a multinational corporation with their products offered all around the world. Although Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. has many strengths, they still have the weakness of the price of their product compared to their competitors. An example of this is one pint of Ben & Jerry’s is about five dollars, but for a half gallon of ice cream from Blue Bell it is only about seven dollars. Therefore, Ben & Jerry’s has to deal with many would be buyers that say I get more for my money from other ice cream sellers.Another weakness is that although Ben and Jerry’s offer many unique flavors, many customers prefer original flavors. Ben & Jerry’s have started to rectify this particular weakness by now offering original flavors with better ingredients to enhance the flavor. Lastly, Ben & Jerry’s is available to buy at many grocery stores; however, at those said locations many only offer a small portion of the flavors that Ben & Jerry’s offers. Thus, some customers never get to have the chance of trying many of the flavors. Even though Ben & Jerry’s is a multinational corporation with many ocations, and their products are around the world, there are still some opportunities that Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. could take advantage of. First off, Ben & Jerry’s could stand to update their advertising in the sense of some commercials, and social media campaigns. By doing this, they could inform people that do not know about their ice cream and all they offer, including a gift shop at certain locations and online. Second, Ben & Jerry’s could consider branching out and offering ice cream sandwiches and a half gallon of ice cream.This would allow them to reach people in the summer time that want a grab and run outside type of treat or, by offering the half gallon they could reach people that eat ice cream frequently and feel like a pint is too small. Society is a major threat for Ben & Jerry’s right now in the sense that society dictates that one should be very conscience of eating right and being thin. Ben & Jerry’s is held responsible for encouraging people to eat unhealthy with promoting ice cream, and therefore blamed for the â€Å"obesity epidemic†.To help promote a better image Ben & Jerry’s have started to offer the Greek yogurt ice cream. Another threat li ke many other markets is competition as stated earlier many competitors offer a larger quantity for close or equal amount of money. To try to counter this threat Ben & Jerry’s has started offering coupons. While considering all these strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats Ben & Jerry’s must always consider their target market which ranges from twenty to forty year old women, and anyone who has a sweet tooth. Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. trives to make sure there is absolutely no discrimination whether based on economic status, age, gender, or race. Customers of all ages and ethnic backgrounds are encouraged to try Ben & Jerry’s ice cream by having it available in all grocery stores in order to make them lifetime customers. Although society is changing Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. does recognize that women are still the primary grocery shopper for families, therefore leading them to be a good portion of the target market. à ¢â‚¬Å"The women being targeted are 20-40 years of age who’ll probably have a family size of two to five.The average family income is $30,000 plus†(Allen 20). Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. are targeting these types of women because they tend to care more about what products they are putting into their own bodies and those of their families. Since Ben & Jerry’s ice cream is made with the most eco-friendly and organic ingredients most women tend to appreciate it compared to other types of ice creams that might not use the best ingredients, they also tend to not gain as much value when they buy competitors ice cream.Even though Ben & Jerry’s target market is women, they are still trying to reach every possible customer by offering something for every type of ice cream consumer, in hopes of widening our target market. To ensure Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. is promoting their product to the before mentioned target market, we use th e best ingredients to ensure the value of the unique and innovative flavors of ice cream are made organically by using cage free humane eggs and steroid free milk from farms in Vermont and other states.Another beneficial strategy that Ben & Jerry’s offers are their availability of their products. Ben & Jerry’s initial efforts to market products involved selling their ice cream from the back of Ben's Volkswagen. In the following few years, they started selling through local independent distributors and opened franchises of their ice cream shop in several states. Then Ben ; Jerry added grocery store locations and the Ben ; Jerry’s web site, where customers can buy the premium ice cream from single serve cups to two point five gallon buckets.Ben ; Jerry’s recently started to open Scoop Shops across the nation. These locations offer ice cream cones and unique flavors not found in most grocery stores; thus, breaking into the ice cream parlor sector. Although B en ; Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. is not known for ice cream treats such as ice cream sandwiches or other such things; Ben ; Jerry’s does occasionally offer novelty ice cream treats, such as the â€Å"Peace Pops†. The strategy of offering Ben ; Jerry’s premium ice cream in most grocery stores and at Scoop Shops ensures availability.Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. has been successful in creating brand loyalty with their target market by promoting their product through online advertising, street marketing and outdoor marketing. With these three types of advertising, the first one offers coupons for loyal customers to use and future customers the opportunity to try Ben ; Jerry’s ice cream at a discounted rate. Street and outdoor marketing involves offering free ice cream to people directly, allowing Ben ; Jerry’s to find out how people feel about flavors and Ben ; Jerry’s immediately.Similarly Ben ; Jerry’s Scoop S hops offer select deals on ice cream cones throughout the year. Another way that Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. promotes their premium ice cream is by their â€Å"Peace, Love, and Ice Cream† campaign which was a movement that discovered the central values of all Americans. The primary goal of this campaign was to promote Ben ; Jerry’s charitable activities and target the emotions of the audience in an effort to create brand awareness and therefore increase sales within the product market.The campaign consisted of pictures of thrills, fun and excitement, from radio to printed advertisements in hope to increase awareness about Ben ; Jerry’s environmental advocacy programs. Many networks were thrilled because the â€Å"Peace, Love, and Ice Cream† campaign was a fun movement that allowed Americans to give back to the community through consuming tasty, frozen desserts. Ben ; Jerry's continues to grow daily by developing new products, new ideas, a nd new flavors for their public.Consumers around the world are well aware of Ben & Jerry’s tasty treats because of the firm’s execution of marketing concepts and bright visions. Ben & Jerry's mission of giving back to the community worked in various ways, and in turn, have evolved into one of the most prevalent ice cream companies of today. Ben ; Jerry’s product mission statement is â€Å"To make, distribute, and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream and euphoric concoctions with a continued commitment to incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients, and promoting business practices that respect the Earth and the Environment. In order to achieve their mission Ben ; Jerry’s charges a higher price to enable them to create their higher quality ice cream and allow them to have a striving and unique Research and Development department. The price decisions are well synchronized with product design, distribution, and promotion decisions to create a cons istent and effective marketing program for Ben ; Jerry’s Ice Cream. The market and demand are other factors that stimulate the pricing system of Ben ; Jerry’s ice cream in the sense that the economics condition, competition costs, prices, and so forth all affect the price of Ben and Jerry’s products.For instance, in bad economic situations, people will reduce their expenses on secondary goods, and in this case ice cream is a secondary good. Ben ; Jerry’s have very distinguished competitors like Haagen Daaz and Blue Bell that will definitely affect the price of Ben ; Jerry’s ice cream. Since Ben ; Jerry’s is recognized as a high quality manufacturer of ice cream, they tend to pay very close attention to their competitors, especially when it comes to maintaining their quality and prices.Moreover, the prices of Ben ; Jerry’s products set correlating between their competitor’s prices and customer needs and expectations while still making a profit and abiding by their mission statement. A Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holding, Inc. is a company that values their brand loyal customers and is always striving to improve and better their premium ice cream. Although Ben ; Jerry’s does advertise and promote their company and product there are still ways that they could expand their scope of advertisement and perhaps include new forms of advertising.Television is a central communication for most families; therefore, Ben ; Jerry’s could establish recognition of their product by doing product placement with popular TV shows. Another way to use a television for advertising is strictly just using commercials; this allows the opportunity to inform those who do not know what Ben ; Jerry’s offers in their ice cream. Ben ; Jerry’s company is mostly popular in the Northern United States; however, Ben ; Jerry’s could possibly shift to Southern US, and outside of the USA to broaden their custo mer base.Social media marketing is becoming a necessity in advertising now that most people are connected to at least one form and owns a smart phone. By entering this form of advertising Ben ; Jerry’s could connect with a different generation and build up a following. Overall, Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holding, Inc. is an established premium ice cream provider and will continue to be so through their dedication to using the best ingredients, being inventive in creating new flavors, and connecting with consumers and future consumers. Works Cited Allen, Margarat, Emily Brockett, and Steven Allison. Peace, Love, and Ice Cream Campaign. † Ben & Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream Company. N. p. , n. d. Web. Ben & Jerry's. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. . King, Rachael. â€Å"Ben ; Jerry's Imagine Peace Online. † Fast Company. N. p. , 4 Aug. 2008. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"SEAR 2011 | Ben & Jerry's. †Ã‚  Ben & Jerry's. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. .

The Dangers of Revolution Essay Example

The Dangers of Revolution Essay Example The Dangers of Revolution Essay The Dangers of Revolution Essay Essay Topic: Leviathan After years, indeed decades, of living under the dictatorial rule of President Ben All ordinary citizens took to the streets in protest. In short order, the popular uprising moved into the capital city of Tunis and ultimately forced All from power. Within months the governments of Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Yemen, Bahrain and Syria all saw similar uprisings, to varying degrees of success. In the case of Egypt, dictator Embark was ousted but six months later the country still struggles with implementing a new constitution. In Bahrain and Syria government security forces inducted violent crackdowns on dissidents, murdering thousands of their own citizens. In Libya, after months of intense fighting between revolutionary and government forces and the assistance of NATO, the regime of Miramar Quadratic was ousted as well. Dubbed the Arab Spring by Journalists and other observers, the uprisings are undoubtedly a historic event, having unseated, or attempted to unseat, some of the most constant regimes in the region and, indeed, in the world: . Regimes [that have] survived over a period of decades in which democratic waves rolled through East Asia, eastern Europe, Latin America, and sub-Sahara Africa. 2 In many political and analytical circles around the world the speed, ferocity and contagious nature of the uprising surprised many, leaving world leaders scrambling for a coherent policy. For some, this translated into broad declarations of support for democracy. For others, a more reserved calling for 1 Wrig ht, Robin. July/August 2011. The Arab Spring is a Jobs Crisis. The Atlantic. 58. 2 Game Ill, F. Gregory. July/August 2011. Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring. Foreign Affairs. Volt. 90 (Issue 4). 1. 2 optimistic regarding the chances of democracy taking hold in the aforementioned action-states and spreading to other countries in the region, the reality is quite different. While democracy should be encouraged throughout the world, there should be no misconceptions that democratic rule in every country would benefit the national security of the United States. A number of factors, including the lack of democratic institutions, the strong presence of Islamic fundamentalists, economics and even civilization identity all conspire to pull many states into chaos and propel anti-democratic leaders to power. Moreover, popular uprisings and democratic elections in other Middle Eastern nation-states (namely Iran, Afghanistan and Lebanon) have shown that democracy in the developing world shouldnt be blindly supported. Purpose Statement One of the primary strengths of social science research, particularly in the fields of political science and international relations, is that it excels at explanatory research. That is, looking at past events, determining the why behind a plethora of variables and explaining how those variables impacted the actions and decisions that were made. While this research has aspects of explanatory research, the central thesis is ore predictive in nature in that it is attempting to determine what will or may happen in the future based on current and past events. Admittedly, the latter form is not nearly as strong as the former for a variety of factors including the fact that not all, or even most, of the information is available at the time of writing. For example, the body of academic literature was 3 BBC Monitoring Middle East. May 20, 2011. Reactions to President Beams Middle East Speech. From Lazier. Net. 3 expanded at the end of the Cold War with the demise of the Soviet Union. This occurred because researchers finally had access behind the Iron Curtain to interviews, documents and even the nation itself. Similarly, in a decade, the events surrounding the Arab Spring will likely have far more depth and context that can be accessed in the fall of 2011. Nevertheless, predictive research is vital to the understanding of current events and the world order and in some instances, such as George Seamans Foreign Policy article advocating a policy of containing the Soviet Union, can provide a framework for policy-makers. While goals of this research are not nearly as lofty, it does hope to inform a specific area of international security and offer possible outcomes that other researchers may have missed. Indeed, while some Journalists and editorials have mentioned the possibility that a democratic Middle East could quickly turn against the United States, few academics have considered it. This is at least partially because of the the aforementioned strength of social science research being explanatory. Therefore, this research hopes to inform and enrich the body of literature by determining the possible negative outcomes of the Arab Spring and specifically skiing: What are the transnational and international impacts of the 2011 uprisings, This research will draw from a variety of sources, however, as mentioned above, the body of academic literature on this subject is somewhat thin. While relying on periodicals can prove problematic due to the daily, and sometimes hourly, news cycles, in this instance they will be informative simply because of the lack of other sources. Moreover, in making the argument outlined below, this research will utilize content analysis of periodicals from the late sass and compare the language to similar magazines and newspapers from 2011. The thesis of this research is that the 2011 uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa will cause long-term instability throughout the region because of civilization clash. For claritys sake, the 2011 uprisings refer to the so-called Arab Spring that began in Tunisia and continues today. 4 Civilization clash, the variable that this paper seeks to argue will cause problems in the region for US national security is derived from Samuel P. Huntington article, later a book, titled The Clash of Civilizations. Written nearly two decades ago, Huntington work is particularly helpful in explaining where potential areas of inflict may be in the future. For the dependent variable, long-term instability, creating a metric to quantify it has proven troublesome. This is because the evidence to fully support the thesis has yet to occur, however, by using the historical example of Iran before and after the 1979 Iranian Revolution this research may be able to predict certain key factors to the stability of a nation. Internally, economic indicators such as unemployment rates, GAP growth, trade balances, population below the poverty line and inflation rates all contribute to the stability of a nation. Additionally, the religious, social and political trustees and the role the military has in internal affairs all play a role. Externally, security agreements and partnerships, refugees and conflicts all work together to strengthen or undermine a country. For the purposes of this research, because developing an accurate index/matrix would be a research project in and of itself, we will utilize the excellent work of Dry. Mayer R. F. AAA-Roadman, Mr.. Hair Balkan and Dry. Garage Herd of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy. 4 In the Stability Matrix the researchers take into account a variety of economic, environmental, military and security, political and social factors, assigning each variable a level weighted from one to three: Each factor is given a score of 1-3, where 1 indicates that the factor contributes to stability, 2 indicates that it makes a borderline contribution to stability, and 3 indicates that it contributes to instability. 6 The matrix utilizes indexes from other governmental and non-profit institutions and combines them into a comprehensive database. Some factors listed are beyond the scope of this research, but its application will nonetheless provide clarity 4 Dry. Neff R. F. AAA-Roadman, Mr.. Hair Balkan and Dry. Garage Herd. December 20, 2006. Proposal for a Stability Matrix. Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational Security. Geneva Centre f or Security Policy. Http://www. Gasp. Chi/content/download/ matrixpdPDF See Appendix 2, attached as a separate document due to formatting issues. Ibid. 5 and measurement to the issue of instability. Theoretical Framework Just as international law gives policy-makers and lawyers a framework from which to analyze and decide what can be done, International Relations Theory gives the policy- akAkers framework from which they can analyze and decide what should be done. While International Relations Theory includes dozens of competing worldviews, one of the oldest traditions is that of realism. Dating back to ThDuchessesnd his History of the PePeloponnesusar, realism makes several key assumptions about the international order. First, the international system in anarchic. By anarchic, the traditional definition is typically used, that is, in the literal sense of absence of rule, lack of government anAnarchyoes not imply chaos, absence of order; it is simply the bsabsencef hierarchical political order based on formal subordination and authority. 7 Second, realists assume that states are at the center of the international order. This means that states are the primary actors in the world: states go to war with one another, states sign treaties with one another, states trade with one another. A chief criticism of realism has been its inability to factor noonstagend non-governmental organizations into the equation. Realists typically respond that NGNagstill lack the power and the abilities of states. 8 Although, in the 21st century, this response can, at immimesignore the realities of the world. Third, the principal concern of a state is its own security and survival. 9 Because the international system lacks a leviathan, states are on their own to develop a military, an economy, a 7 Jack Donnelly. Realism and International Relations. (Cambridge press: New York, 2000): 10. Ibid: 7-8. 9 Ibid: 7-8. 6 political and social structure. All of which are threatened by other nation-states who are invariably interested in expanding their own power. Therefore, realists typically place hard power, that is military strength, above soft power issues of economics ndNDolitical influence. Fourth, drawing from the third point, power relations are a fundamental feature of international affair s. 10 As mentioned above, states view the surest way to ensure its own survival is to expand its power. Typically, expanding power results in war. While there are additional criteria that various scholars add to realist theory, these four are the most common assumptions that form the core of the theory. Drawing from these assumptions, this research will expand the definition of realism to include non-governmental organizations. This is because, while realism is exceptionally well- uitiedo explain the behavior of and interactions between nation-states, it tends to have difficulty understanding non-state actors. However, if we treat such actors and strategies many of the realist assumptions about the world still line up. More difficult still is the inclusion and application of Samuel P. HuHuntingtonheory of the Clash of Civilizations. First postulated in a Foreign Affairs article in 1993, and later in a 1996 book, HuHuntingtonheory was hailed as asasnnovative as George KeSeamansontainment theory, and derided as racist and xenophobic. Despite the criticism evevolvedgainst it, the theory is included for two reasons: First, in the eighteen years since its publication, the Clash of Civilizations has shown itself to effectively explain, at least in broad strokes, the world of the 21st century. Second, and even more importantly, it is a theory that, if not by name then by attributes, is frequently quoted by A1AAAaeda and other IsPsalmistss a call to arms for its supporters. 11 Therefore, this research would be remiss to simply ignore HuHuntingtonork. 10 Ibid: 7. 11 CiCoevalCarl J. 2009. The Contours of A1AAAaQaedaedia Strategy. Studies in conflict -reremainsvoVolt2: 853875. 7 At the core of the The Clash of Civilizations is the desire to examine the short- comings of past theories in explaining the post-1990 world and define a new paradigm for international relations. Huntington begins by outlining four possible worlds in which one could find themselves. The first, deemed One World: Euphoria and Harmony12 directly responds to Francis FuFuchsiashe End of History which asserts, among other things, that we may be witnessing ththend of history as such: that is, the end point of mankinds ideological evolution and the ununiversalisticf Western liberal democracy as the final form of government. 13 Ultimately, watching the genocide and cultural conflict that persisted throughout the 19sassHuntington concluded that this world paradigm was simply too divorced from reality. 4 The second paradigm Huntington considers is Two Worlds: Us and Them. 15 This paradigm permeates the majority of human conflict, from the Cold War to the Ancient Greeks, East versus West, Global North versus Global South, Core versus Periphery, it is simple and direct, but in the end is too simplistic to explain an increasingly complex international order. 16 The third paradigm is what Huntington calls 184 states, more or less. 17 Essentially an update of classic realism, this piPicturef the world is a highly useful starting point for analyzing international affairs and explains much state behavior. States are and will remain the dominant entities in world affairs . ovOverallhis stassistaradigm does provide a more realistic picture of and guide to global politics than the one- or two-world paradigms. 18 However, according to Huntington, states are gradually losing power and sovereignty to non- state institutions and actors. The last paradigm is Sheer Chaos19 and is characterized by failed states, massive refugee and humanitarian crises and the prbreadf terrorism. While there certainly are areas of the world that match this description, adopting this as a paradigm 12 Huntington Samuel P. 996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. Simon Schuster: New York, New York: 31 . 13 Ibid. 31. 15 Ibid. 32 16 Ibid. 33 17 Ibid. 33 18 Ibid. 34 19 Ibid. 35 8 offer little to no explanation on insight into the future. 20 Thus, Huntington concludes that a new approach, a new way in which to view the world is needed. Rejecting the overly simplistic and the overly complex, he aims for something of a middle path, a allanceetween reality and parsimony. 21 Creating a cicivilizationodel, Huntington divides the world into nine civilizations. For the cicivilizationpproach, there are four key assumptions: The forces of integration in the world are real and are precisely what are generating cocounterforcef cultural assertion and cicivilizationonsciousness. The world is in some sense two, but the central distinction is between the West as the hitherto dominant civilization and all the other, which, however, have little if anything in common among them. The world, in short, is divided between a Western one and a onmonoesterany. Nation states are and will remain the most important actors in world affairs, but their interests, associations, and conflicts are increasingly shaped by cultural and cicivilizationactors. The world is indeed anarchical, rife with tribal and nationality conflicts, but the conflicts that pose the greatest dangers for stability are those between states or groups from different civilizations. 22 Huntington identifies nine distinct civilizations: Western, Orthodox, Islamic, African, Latin American, SiSonicChinese), Hindu, Buddhist, and Japanese, and lays out a new map of the world. While clearly each civilization has overlap within certain areas and nation-states, and each civilization is far from hohomogeneousithin the defined regions, HuHuntingtonap provides some insight to the cicivilizationaradigm: 20 Ibid. 36. 21 Ibid. 37. 22 Ibid. 36 9 Figure 1 The World of Civilizations: Post-1990 Moreover, because of the increasingly glglobalizesorld, civilizations are coming into contact more and more often which only highlights the differences in culture, language and religion. Upon publication, HuHuntingtonssay created a firestorm of controversy. While considering even a few perspectives that counter the core thesis ouloude a research project in and of itself, it is still useful to understand and rebut some of the criticism. In particular, many academics have criticized HuHuntingtonheory by citing specific examples in the post-Cold War and post-WI 1 period that show the cicivilizationpproach is too simplistic. Their argument is that it fails to take into account clashes within civilizations which, in the case of the RwRwandaenocide, is even deadlier than supposed cicivilizationlashes. Robert Kaplan, a correspondent for Atlantic Monthly and author of several books on, as he calls it, the roreentersf civilization, argues because HuHuntingtonrush is broad, his specifics are vulnerable to attack. 24 He goes on to outline a direct rebuttal put forth by a Johns 23 Ibid: 26-27. 24 Robert Kaplan. February 1994. The Coming Anarchy. In The Coming Anarchy. 2000. Vintage Books, New York. 27. 10 Hopkins professor: The world of Islam divides and subdivides. The battle lines in the Caucasus arAreot coextensive with cicivilizationault lines. The lines follow the interests of states. Where Huntington sees a cicivilizationuel between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Iranian state has cast religious zeal . o Ohe wind . inInhat battle the Iranians have tilted toward Christen Armenia. 25 Kaplan notes that while the professor is correct in his facts, HuHuntingtonheory still holds up because the AzGazerssecular ShShihsview their cultural identity as Turkish. The ArArmeniansimilarly, are not battling the AzGazersecause of religious affiliation but rather because they are Turks, related to the same Turks that massacred ArArmeniann 1915. 26 Additionally, throughout the region TuTurkeyulture is battling Iranian culture, therefore the Iranians and the ArArmenianave a natural enemy in the Turks. 7 Perhaps most interestingly, however, is that the world described by the Johns Hopkins professor is even more dangerous than the one Huntington envisions. 28 While this is but one specific example, this attack is repeated throughout the academic literature. In most instances an analysis such a KaKaplaneveals a world that still supports HuHuntingtonicivilizationheory. The other main charge leveled against this theory is that it fundamentally misunderstands Islamic, SiSonicnd other cultures, in particular citing HuHuntingtonlaims that the failure of Western liberal democracy to take hold in Muslim societies has its source at least in part in the inhospitable nature of Islamic culture and society to Western liberal concepts. 29 Some commentators have argued that the Arab Spring proves cicivilizationheory wrong, particularly that many people in Arab nations do share a universal hunger for liberty. They feel the presence of universal human rights and feel insulted when they are not accorded them. 30 Two points: first, in fairness to Huntington he never claimed that people in 26 27 28 29 Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Huntington. 116. David Brooks. March 4, 2011. HuHuntingtonlash Revisited. New York Times. 27. 11 Muslim nations have been characterized by autocratic leaders and IsSalamisovements. Second, it is still too early in the revolutionary process to make claims that liberty (especially as Westerners understand it) will prevail over a different kind of autocracy in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other countries. A far more likely outcome, as Huntington explains, is that these nation-states will adopt certain aspects of liberal democracy but also incorporate their own culture in their electoral and governing processes. This will be expanded upon later in the research. The inclusion of ivvolitionalheory in this research could be understandably interpreted as a misunderstanding of what Huntington sought to accomplish: that is, an alternative explanation to the theories of realism, idealism and others. Instead, its inclusion is actually explained in part by Huntington himself. Huntington agreed with two realist core assumptions: that the world is anarchical and that nation-states are its primary actors. In this authors mind, cicivilizationheory is best understood as a subset of so-called complex realism which recognizes and attempts to correct realisms short- omominousith the inclusion of additional theories. Therefore, complex realism is best understood as having realist assumptions, but recognizing that NGNagsuch as terrorist organizations play a vital role in determining the security of a nation-state and that conflicts, while between states or non-state actors, are, on a systemic level, often between civilizations. Background and Analysis On December 17, 2010 few analysts or policy-makers would have predicted that the suicide of a young man in North Africa would cause one of the greatest uprisings since the end of the Cold War.