Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India

Introduction Employees are very important in the normal running of organisations. According to Adetule (2011, p. 94), employees are the wheels upon which an organisation runs towards its goals and objectives. Many organisations that have achieved massive success realised the importance of employees. The management must ensure that there is satisfaction of all the employees, from the middle managers to the junior most workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivated employees tend to deliver better results than those who work under frustrations. When hiring an employee, there is always a psychological contract that is signed between the employer and the employee. Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 210) defines psychological contract as â€Å"An individual’s beliefs regarding the terms and condit ions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party.† The employer would have some expectations that should be met by the employee. The employee would also have some expectation about the benefits to be offered by the firm, and the kind of tasks that will be assigned. The main problem with this psychological contract is that it is rarely spoken about in a formal setting. In some occasions, these expectations are met in one way or the other. In other occasions, the expectations are not met at all. Failure to meet these expectations would constitute a violation of the psychological contract. Adetule (2011, p. 73) defines psychological contract violation as â€Å"The emotional or affective state that may result from the perception of psychological contract breach.† On the other hand, Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 211) defines psychological contract violation as â€Å"The feelings of anger, injustice, resentment and distrust that arise fro m the realisation that an organisation has not honoured the psychological contract.† This research paper will analyze the effect of psychological contract violation on organisational commitment, trust and turnover intention in public and private sector organisations in India. Critical Review of the Article This article has given a detailed insight into the role of psychological contract in boosting employees’ performance. According to McGregor’s Theory X, human being fear work naturally, and would always seize any opportunity available to avoid some of the tasks that they are fully aware they should undertake. For this reason, the management must always subject them to strict supervision in order to avoid any form of laziness within the organisation. However, McGregor was also conscious of the self-driven people who were always focused on achieving good results even without supervision. He therefore, developed Theory Y which holds that people always have the inte ntion of working hard, and with minimal motivation, they can deliver good results without any strict supervision.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two cases can possibly occur within different organisations depending on the perception of the employees. It is very rare for an employee to get into an organisation with a culture of team spirit and commitment amongst all employees and apply contrary. As Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 211) say, if such a lazy employee finds that the culture of this organisation do not tolerate this laziness, he or she will have the option of quitting the firm or joining others in their organisational culture. This article observes that when an employee is hired, he or she will develop a psychological contract with the firm and the management on various issues. Some of these issues may include the salaries to be earned, and its possible adjust ment as time goes by based on the output of the employee. Others may not be discussed in a formal setting during the process of signing a contract such as organisational culture and team spirit amongst the employees. However, the employee would develop these expectations with the anticipation that they shall be met. Successful organisations have learnt how to manage these expectations in order to ensure that their employees remain motivated. One of the ways of managing these expectations would be to engage the new recruits in consultative forums about what they expect out of the organisation. This should be the case both in public and private sectors because the reaction of the employee in both cases would always be similar. When the employee expectations are understood, it would be possible to find a way of addressing them to be in line with the organisational culture, and to find a way of maximising the exact potential of the employees. Understanding individual employee’s e xpectation within the firm makes it possible for the management to manage them as a way of maintaining focused workforce. This research article observes that the commitment, trust and turnover of employees will always depend on the ability of the employer to respect their psychological contract. As Adetule (2011, p. 6) says, people would like to be respected. Employees like an environment where their views are given consideration. This way, they feel that they are part of the organisation. Respecting employees is one of the ways of respecting the psychological contract. It helps cement the relationship between the employer and the employee. The employee will feel committed to the organisation and this will be reflected in the turnover. They would feel obligated to give back to the firm as a way of realising a mutual benefit. Adetule (2011, p. 4) notes that successful firms- both private and public- have realised the importance of respecting their employees and giving their views ser ious consideration. This helps in eliminating the perception that they are just employees who will one day leave the firm when the terms of service ends. In its place, it develops the feeling that employees are part of the organisation that forms its future. When the employees are made to feel that their future is tied together with the future of the firm they work for, they tend to be committed, a fact that promotes their output within the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any form of disrespect from the management or any employee in authority is always reflected as a breach of this contract. When employees feel that there is some form of breach of the contract, they would develop withdrawal symptoms. The feeling that they are not part of the organisation sets in, and their commitment to the firm wanes away. This would result into a massive drop of their output, a fact that would be reflected in the dismal performance of the firm. According to this article, it is very challenging to meet the psychological expectations of employees. Firms have started embracing downsizing and rightsizing as a way of improving their output. According to Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 217), one of the factors that have devastating effect on the morale of the employees is the act of retrenchment. It is a fact that many would expect that after retrenchment, those who remain within the organisation would be expected to be happy, not just because of their luck, but also because it is a sign that the organisation recognises them as pillars that cannot be eliminated. However, this is not always the case. The employees who remain after others have been retrenched always develop a sense of insecurity. They feel that the way psychological contract of their peers were violated, so shall theirs ’ be after some time. This alone, will make them feel that the management has betrayed them. They will feel that their psychological contract with the firm has already been violated. The effect would always manifest itself almost immediately. Employees would focus more on issues that would protect their future than those that are meant to bring success to the firm. They will develop a feeling that their future is not tied with that of the firm, and therefore, any futuristic benefit to the firm would not be shared with them. This makes them develop a negative perception about their assigned tasks. A lot of their efforts will be taken in looking for alternative jobs that have a sense of security. This happens in both public and private sectors within the environmental context that this research was conducted. Organisational trust is one of the factors that have been associated with positive output of employees. Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 214) defines trust in the organisat ion as â€Å"The evaluation of an organisation’s trustworthiness as perceived by the employee.† Employees should develop trust with the organisation they are working for, especially the management. In India, and many other developing nations, there has been a lot of confrontation between employers- in both the public and private sectors- and the employees in the organisations. One of the factors that have been associated with this confrontation according to Adetule (2011, p. 112), has been due to unfulfilled promises.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An organisation can make a promise, out of collective bargain, that it will make a given payment to its employees at a given period. It is the responsibility of that organisation to ensure that such promises are met in order to build trust between the employer and the employees. It is natural that there might a case where the promise made may not be fully met within the originally set period. It would be appropriate to ensure that such information is communicated to the relevant people within the right time. The reason given should be valid, and the management should not forget to emphasise on the fact that it is still committed to its promise. It may be necessary to give a date when the promise would be met. This will help maintain trust that exists between the employer and the employee. According to Adetule (2011, p. 215), the top management is the agent of the owners, and when they make promises to employees, they always believe that the promise is made by the firm itself. These promises made at individual levels should also be fulfilled to ensure that the individual develops trust with the firm at a personal level. It may appear that fulfilling these promises can be a very expensive process. However, it goes a long way in building a strong trust between the employer and the employee. One factor that the management should keep in mind is that promises should be as minimal as possible. The management should try to avoid making promises that may not be fulfilled because it may lead to a lot of problems in the future. Psychological contract violation was also considered to be closely related to employee turnover within an organisation. According to Adetule (2011, p. 53), it is important to understand the difference between intention to turnover and the actual turnover. The intention to turnover refers to the resolve that an employee has to quit his or her current job. This drive may make an employee develop some justification that would make him or her quit th e current company to look for other employers. The intention to turnover would lead to actual turnover. The intention to turnover is always affected by the perception of the employees towards the employer. When the employee feels that the employer is not caring for him or her, the intention to turnover would exist. The drive to deliver good results would go down, and this would lead to low actual turnover. When the employee feels that the psychological contract that existed between him or her and the employer is violated, the intention to turnover would be very high. This will affect the overall performance of such an employee, a fact that reflects the intention to quit the current employment. Implications of Shahnawaz and Goswami’s Findings The findings of Shahnawaz and Goswami have a clear message to the employers about effective management of employees and how this affects their commitment to the employing organisation. This article clearly states that employees are very i mportant assets within an organisation. However, unlike other assets, employees are human beings with feelings and emotions which have direct impact on their output. When an employee is hired, he or she will develop a psychological contract with the employer. In some cases, the psychological contract would be based on the formal agreements that the management has made with the employee when signing the contract. In other cases, the psychological contract would be based on some personal feelings and expectations of the employee based on various environmental issues. From this article, it is important that the management understands this psychological contract in order to maintain a pool of motivated employees. Employees’ commitment will always be influenced by the ability of the employer to respect this psychological contract. This article clearly indicates that when the management breaches the psychological contract that exists between it and the employees, then it would not be possible for the firm to achieve its strategic goals with the same employees. According to Adetule (2011, p. 97), many unsuccessful organisations have failed to appreciate the importance of respecting employees. This is particularly common in the public sectors where those trusted with the management do not feel that they own the organisation. Instead of employing transformational leadership approach that would ensure the rights of employees are respected and their views taken into consideration, some managers still use the dictatorial management approach where their statements are supposed to be respected without any challenge. This may be in contravention of the rights of employees. Such management practices would constitute the psychological contract violation. When this happens, Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 213) say that employee’s output will drop, leading to a lower output of the organisation. When the employees feel that they are not respected, their commitment t o the firm fades away. They develop the feeling that if the management is not committed to their rights, then it is unnecessary for them to remain committed to the firm. They would start treating various issues and assignments casually. Their intention to turnover increases because of lack of commitment. They feel that they are not obliged to give a positive output to the firm. This is particularly dangerous in a work setting where the output of a firm directly depends on the attitude with which, employees approach their work. According to Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011, p. 212), there are some work settings that are more sensitive to the attitude of employees than others. For instance, a hotel that operates with a team of disillusioned employees is more likely to have an instant negative impact on its overall performance. When customers visit the facility only to be met by gloomy employees who feel that they are not obligated to deliver good results, then it becomes almost impossible to satisfy such customers. Some of the customers may ignore such cold receptions, but others would leave such facilities even before they can be given any service. This article also emphasises on the relevance of managing employees’ expectations. The two scholars realised that managing expectations of the employees is one of the ways of keeping them constantly motivated within the firm. Different employees will have different expectations when they are hired. Some of these expectations can be met by the firm within the time they shall be working in the firm, while others may not easily be achieved because of various reasons. These expectations would constitute factors that would define the psychological contract that an employee develops with the firm. Adetule (2011, p. 74) says that it is important to ensure that all the expectations of the employee are addressed before they are hired. This can only be possible by engaging them in a consultative forum where they will be expe cted to share their expectation with the employing authority. The employer is required to evaluate the expectations with the view of addressing them before hiring the individual. The management should be clear to the employees about the needs that can be met, and those that are beyond the capacity of the firm. This makes the employee re-evaluate the psychological contract to make it fit within the environment that has just been explained. This will avoid cases where employees harbour some expectations that may appear wild to the management. This means that when they accept the job, they will be accepting the terms offered by the management. They will feel obligated to the firm even when their initial expectations are not met because they were informed before their deployment. Conclusion Employees form a very important part of an organisation. They are the policy implementers whose activities are expected to make a firm succeed in the market. Public and private organisations have the obligation of maintaining high levels of motivation among their employees. From the discussion above, it is clear that a team of motivated employees can be very important in helping a firm achieve its operational and strategic goals. This motivation largely depends on the way employees feel that they are treated within the organisation. If they feel respected, then they will be committed to the firm, and this will motivate them to deliver good results. The employer must therefore, maintain respect with the employees. List of References Adetule, J 2011, Handbook on management theories, Author House, Bloomington. Shahnawaz, M Goswami, 2011, Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment, Trust and Turnover Intention in Private and Public Sector Indian Organisations. Vision, vol. 15. no. 3, pp. 209–217. This essay on Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organisational Commitment in India was written and submitted by user Brodie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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The Ahmanson Ranch Development It all started back in 1989 when Home Savings of America announced to build a giant new community consisting of 3,050 homes, two schools, two hotels, two golf courses and 400,000 square feet of commercial and industrial areas on the 5,400-acre Ahmanson Ranch located at the eastern end of Ventura county, adjacent to Los Angeles County. Even though the Ahmanson Ranch has been owned by Home Savings of America since 1963, the nature remained undisturbed all these past years. The ranch has become one of the important habitats for barely surviving native organisms including threatened or endangered species. For this and other important reasons, an organization, Friends of Ahmanson Ranch, was formed to stop the development with the support from other environmental organizations, local legislatures, politicians and public. Almost seven years have passed since the beginning of this issue, but the conflict still remain unsolved. What is interesting about this issue is the diversity in the reas on which the Friends of Ahmanson Ranch claims for protecting the Ahmanson Ranch from development. They point out a variety of reason, and they are not necessarily environmental opinion. First, the reasons of opposition starts from visible things such as plants and living organisms. President of the Native Plant Society San Gabriel Chapter, Melanie Baer, states that the wild grassland ecosystem of Agoura Hills located in the Ahmanson Ranch provides an important habitat for almost-extinct native plant species called Purple needle-grass, or Stipa pulchra. She also suggests that the mitigation of this plant will not be successful due to its difficulty and poor peripheral environment, such as golf course, of the mitigation site. Similaly, Dr. Barbara J. Collins, professor of biology at California Lutheran University, argues that the environmental impact report prepared for the development was inadequate and she points out the importance of the oak savannah along a North-facing slope of Lakey Mesa in the Ahmanson Ranch. According to her opinion, these oak trees are about 200 to 300 years old valley oaks and they are very sensitive species. A large portion of these oaks wi ll be removed, and the remaining will most likely not survive the environmental changes they will go through due to its sensitive nature. In addition, these plants create crucial habitat for other living organisms such as birds, mammals, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Some of them are even listed in the Federal and State endangered and threatened species lists.

Marketing: Ice Cream and Jerry

Market Research Report for Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream By: Swati Sugandh Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Incorporated started in 1978 when Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield bought their first ice cream scoop shop in Burlington, Vermont. Since then, Ben & Jerry’s has grown from being only offered in Vermont to other States and Countries around the world. Throughout the growth of Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. , many movements have been made in aspects of ingredients, packaging, advertising, and image.An example of these movements is branching out from common Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream to Greek and Sorbet types of desserts. The support of Farm Aid and Fair Trade are two imperative factors in regards to image and ingredients for Ben & Jerry’s ice cream. In today’s society, customer awareness is vital in promoting anyone’s product in the instance for Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. their web site has been able to inform a wareness of the variety of premium flavors they offer, their memorabilia available in their online store, and all the benefits that Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream offers their customers.Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. recognizes that the majority of their loyal customers are women between the ages of twenty to forty years old. Due to that fact most of the advertising done to promote Ben & Jerry’s ice cream is done in the areas that would reach this target market. Although Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. has many strengths there are some areas that Ben & Jerry’s could grow in and develop in order to reach future customers to widen their target market. Overall, Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. s a well known company that has been around for many years and will continue to be due to their dedication to their unique flavors and types of ice cream and frozen desserts. For the continual growth of Ben & Jerry’s the company is alway s discovering alternative ways to make and promote their company at all aspects of the creation of the perfect pint of premium ice cream. Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. strives to â€Å"create prosperity for everyone that’s connected to their business: suppliers, employees, farmers, franchisees, customers, and neighbors alike† (Ben &Jerry’s). There are many ways that Ben & Jerry’s has accomplished meeting these goals. First is their growing Fair Trade movement, this movement is about empowering small farmers in developing countries to compete and thrive in the global marketplace. Ben & Jerry’s buy’s cocoa, vanilla, sugar, coffee, and bananas from many different parts of the world. Additional ways that Ben& Jerry’s upholds their goals are by using cage-free and free-range eggs, and by their Caring Dairy program that only uses cows that have no rBGH (recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone).The containers of Ben & Jerry’s Ice cream is Forest Stewardship Council certified which means, â€Å"that the paperboard comes from forests that are managed for the protection of wildlife habitat, maintenance of biodiversity, avoidance of genetically modified tree species, and protection of traditional and civil rights, among other Rainforest Alliance criteria for healthy forests† (SEAR). Ben & Jerry’s offers over 30 different flavors of ice cream; they also have other types of ice desserts such as sherbet, and Greek yogurt for all customers to enjoy their favorite flavor and type.Ben & Jerry’s is a multinational corporation with their products offered all around the world. Although Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. has many strengths, they still have the weakness of the price of their product compared to their competitors. An example of this is one pint of Ben & Jerry’s is about five dollars, but for a half gallon of ice cream from Blue Bell it is only about seven dollars. Therefore, Ben & Jerry’s has to deal with many would be buyers that say I get more for my money from other ice cream sellers.Another weakness is that although Ben and Jerry’s offer many unique flavors, many customers prefer original flavors. Ben & Jerry’s have started to rectify this particular weakness by now offering original flavors with better ingredients to enhance the flavor. Lastly, Ben & Jerry’s is available to buy at many grocery stores; however, at those said locations many only offer a small portion of the flavors that Ben & Jerry’s offers. Thus, some customers never get to have the chance of trying many of the flavors. Even though Ben & Jerry’s is a multinational corporation with many ocations, and their products are around the world, there are still some opportunities that Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. could take advantage of. First off, Ben & Jerry’s could stand to update their advertising in the sense of some commercials, and social media campaigns. By doing this, they could inform people that do not know about their ice cream and all they offer, including a gift shop at certain locations and online. Second, Ben & Jerry’s could consider branching out and offering ice cream sandwiches and a half gallon of ice cream.This would allow them to reach people in the summer time that want a grab and run outside type of treat or, by offering the half gallon they could reach people that eat ice cream frequently and feel like a pint is too small. Society is a major threat for Ben & Jerry’s right now in the sense that society dictates that one should be very conscience of eating right and being thin. Ben & Jerry’s is held responsible for encouraging people to eat unhealthy with promoting ice cream, and therefore blamed for the â€Å"obesity epidemic†.To help promote a better image Ben & Jerry’s have started to offer the Greek yogurt ice cream. Another threat li ke many other markets is competition as stated earlier many competitors offer a larger quantity for close or equal amount of money. To try to counter this threat Ben & Jerry’s has started offering coupons. While considering all these strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats Ben & Jerry’s must always consider their target market which ranges from twenty to forty year old women, and anyone who has a sweet tooth. Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. trives to make sure there is absolutely no discrimination whether based on economic status, age, gender, or race. Customers of all ages and ethnic backgrounds are encouraged to try Ben & Jerry’s ice cream by having it available in all grocery stores in order to make them lifetime customers. Although society is changing Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. does recognize that women are still the primary grocery shopper for families, therefore leading them to be a good portion of the target market. à ¢â‚¬Å"The women being targeted are 20-40 years of age who’ll probably have a family size of two to five.The average family income is $30,000 plus†(Allen 20). Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. are targeting these types of women because they tend to care more about what products they are putting into their own bodies and those of their families. Since Ben & Jerry’s ice cream is made with the most eco-friendly and organic ingredients most women tend to appreciate it compared to other types of ice creams that might not use the best ingredients, they also tend to not gain as much value when they buy competitors ice cream.Even though Ben & Jerry’s target market is women, they are still trying to reach every possible customer by offering something for every type of ice cream consumer, in hopes of widening our target market. To ensure Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. is promoting their product to the before mentioned target market, we use th e best ingredients to ensure the value of the unique and innovative flavors of ice cream are made organically by using cage free humane eggs and steroid free milk from farms in Vermont and other states.Another beneficial strategy that Ben & Jerry’s offers are their availability of their products. Ben & Jerry’s initial efforts to market products involved selling their ice cream from the back of Ben's Volkswagen. In the following few years, they started selling through local independent distributors and opened franchises of their ice cream shop in several states. Then Ben ; Jerry added grocery store locations and the Ben ; Jerry’s web site, where customers can buy the premium ice cream from single serve cups to two point five gallon buckets.Ben ; Jerry’s recently started to open Scoop Shops across the nation. These locations offer ice cream cones and unique flavors not found in most grocery stores; thus, breaking into the ice cream parlor sector. Although B en ; Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. is not known for ice cream treats such as ice cream sandwiches or other such things; Ben ; Jerry’s does occasionally offer novelty ice cream treats, such as the â€Å"Peace Pops†. The strategy of offering Ben ; Jerry’s premium ice cream in most grocery stores and at Scoop Shops ensures availability.Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. has been successful in creating brand loyalty with their target market by promoting their product through online advertising, street marketing and outdoor marketing. With these three types of advertising, the first one offers coupons for loyal customers to use and future customers the opportunity to try Ben ; Jerry’s ice cream at a discounted rate. Street and outdoor marketing involves offering free ice cream to people directly, allowing Ben ; Jerry’s to find out how people feel about flavors and Ben ; Jerry’s immediately.Similarly Ben ; Jerry’s Scoop S hops offer select deals on ice cream cones throughout the year. Another way that Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holdings, Inc. promotes their premium ice cream is by their â€Å"Peace, Love, and Ice Cream† campaign which was a movement that discovered the central values of all Americans. The primary goal of this campaign was to promote Ben ; Jerry’s charitable activities and target the emotions of the audience in an effort to create brand awareness and therefore increase sales within the product market.The campaign consisted of pictures of thrills, fun and excitement, from radio to printed advertisements in hope to increase awareness about Ben ; Jerry’s environmental advocacy programs. Many networks were thrilled because the â€Å"Peace, Love, and Ice Cream† campaign was a fun movement that allowed Americans to give back to the community through consuming tasty, frozen desserts. Ben ; Jerry's continues to grow daily by developing new products, new ideas, a nd new flavors for their public.Consumers around the world are well aware of Ben & Jerry’s tasty treats because of the firm’s execution of marketing concepts and bright visions. Ben & Jerry's mission of giving back to the community worked in various ways, and in turn, have evolved into one of the most prevalent ice cream companies of today. Ben ; Jerry’s product mission statement is â€Å"To make, distribute, and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream and euphoric concoctions with a continued commitment to incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients, and promoting business practices that respect the Earth and the Environment. In order to achieve their mission Ben ; Jerry’s charges a higher price to enable them to create their higher quality ice cream and allow them to have a striving and unique Research and Development department. The price decisions are well synchronized with product design, distribution, and promotion decisions to create a cons istent and effective marketing program for Ben ; Jerry’s Ice Cream. The market and demand are other factors that stimulate the pricing system of Ben ; Jerry’s ice cream in the sense that the economics condition, competition costs, prices, and so forth all affect the price of Ben and Jerry’s products.For instance, in bad economic situations, people will reduce their expenses on secondary goods, and in this case ice cream is a secondary good. Ben ; Jerry’s have very distinguished competitors like Haagen Daaz and Blue Bell that will definitely affect the price of Ben ; Jerry’s ice cream. Since Ben ; Jerry’s is recognized as a high quality manufacturer of ice cream, they tend to pay very close attention to their competitors, especially when it comes to maintaining their quality and prices.Moreover, the prices of Ben ; Jerry’s products set correlating between their competitor’s prices and customer needs and expectations while still making a profit and abiding by their mission statement. A Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holding, Inc. is a company that values their brand loyal customers and is always striving to improve and better their premium ice cream. Although Ben ; Jerry’s does advertise and promote their company and product there are still ways that they could expand their scope of advertisement and perhaps include new forms of advertising.Television is a central communication for most families; therefore, Ben ; Jerry’s could establish recognition of their product by doing product placement with popular TV shows. Another way to use a television for advertising is strictly just using commercials; this allows the opportunity to inform those who do not know what Ben ; Jerry’s offers in their ice cream. Ben ; Jerry’s company is mostly popular in the Northern United States; however, Ben ; Jerry’s could possibly shift to Southern US, and outside of the USA to broaden their custo mer base.Social media marketing is becoming a necessity in advertising now that most people are connected to at least one form and owns a smart phone. By entering this form of advertising Ben ; Jerry’s could connect with a different generation and build up a following. Overall, Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade Holding, Inc. is an established premium ice cream provider and will continue to be so through their dedication to using the best ingredients, being inventive in creating new flavors, and connecting with consumers and future consumers. Works Cited Allen, Margarat, Emily Brockett, and Steven Allison. Peace, Love, and Ice Cream Campaign. † Ben & Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream Company. N. p. , n. d. Web. Ben & Jerry's. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. . King, Rachael. â€Å"Ben ; Jerry's Imagine Peace Online. † Fast Company. N. p. , 4 Aug. 2008. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"SEAR 2011 | Ben & Jerry's. †Ã‚  Ben & Jerry's. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. .

The Dangers of Revolution Essay Example

The Dangers of Revolution Essay Example The Dangers of Revolution Essay The Dangers of Revolution Essay Essay Topic: Leviathan After years, indeed decades, of living under the dictatorial rule of President Ben All ordinary citizens took to the streets in protest. In short order, the popular uprising moved into the capital city of Tunis and ultimately forced All from power. Within months the governments of Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Yemen, Bahrain and Syria all saw similar uprisings, to varying degrees of success. In the case of Egypt, dictator Embark was ousted but six months later the country still struggles with implementing a new constitution. In Bahrain and Syria government security forces inducted violent crackdowns on dissidents, murdering thousands of their own citizens. In Libya, after months of intense fighting between revolutionary and government forces and the assistance of NATO, the regime of Miramar Quadratic was ousted as well. Dubbed the Arab Spring by Journalists and other observers, the uprisings are undoubtedly a historic event, having unseated, or attempted to unseat, some of the most constant regimes in the region and, indeed, in the world: . Regimes [that have] survived over a period of decades in which democratic waves rolled through East Asia, eastern Europe, Latin America, and sub-Sahara Africa. 2 In many political and analytical circles around the world the speed, ferocity and contagious nature of the uprising surprised many, leaving world leaders scrambling for a coherent policy. For some, this translated into broad declarations of support for democracy. For others, a more reserved calling for 1 Wrig ht, Robin. July/August 2011. The Arab Spring is a Jobs Crisis. The Atlantic. 58. 2 Game Ill, F. Gregory. July/August 2011. Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring. Foreign Affairs. Volt. 90 (Issue 4). 1. 2 optimistic regarding the chances of democracy taking hold in the aforementioned action-states and spreading to other countries in the region, the reality is quite different. While democracy should be encouraged throughout the world, there should be no misconceptions that democratic rule in every country would benefit the national security of the United States. A number of factors, including the lack of democratic institutions, the strong presence of Islamic fundamentalists, economics and even civilization identity all conspire to pull many states into chaos and propel anti-democratic leaders to power. Moreover, popular uprisings and democratic elections in other Middle Eastern nation-states (namely Iran, Afghanistan and Lebanon) have shown that democracy in the developing world shouldnt be blindly supported. Purpose Statement One of the primary strengths of social science research, particularly in the fields of political science and international relations, is that it excels at explanatory research. That is, looking at past events, determining the why behind a plethora of variables and explaining how those variables impacted the actions and decisions that were made. While this research has aspects of explanatory research, the central thesis is ore predictive in nature in that it is attempting to determine what will or may happen in the future based on current and past events. Admittedly, the latter form is not nearly as strong as the former for a variety of factors including the fact that not all, or even most, of the information is available at the time of writing. For example, the body of academic literature was 3 BBC Monitoring Middle East. May 20, 2011. Reactions to President Beams Middle East Speech. From Lazier. Net. 3 expanded at the end of the Cold War with the demise of the Soviet Union. This occurred because researchers finally had access behind the Iron Curtain to interviews, documents and even the nation itself. Similarly, in a decade, the events surrounding the Arab Spring will likely have far more depth and context that can be accessed in the fall of 2011. Nevertheless, predictive research is vital to the understanding of current events and the world order and in some instances, such as George Seamans Foreign Policy article advocating a policy of containing the Soviet Union, can provide a framework for policy-makers. While goals of this research are not nearly as lofty, it does hope to inform a specific area of international security and offer possible outcomes that other researchers may have missed. Indeed, while some Journalists and editorials have mentioned the possibility that a democratic Middle East could quickly turn against the United States, few academics have considered it. This is at least partially because of the the aforementioned strength of social science research being explanatory. Therefore, this research hopes to inform and enrich the body of literature by determining the possible negative outcomes of the Arab Spring and specifically skiing: What are the transnational and international impacts of the 2011 uprisings, This research will draw from a variety of sources, however, as mentioned above, the body of academic literature on this subject is somewhat thin. While relying on periodicals can prove problematic due to the daily, and sometimes hourly, news cycles, in this instance they will be informative simply because of the lack of other sources. Moreover, in making the argument outlined below, this research will utilize content analysis of periodicals from the late sass and compare the language to similar magazines and newspapers from 2011. The thesis of this research is that the 2011 uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa will cause long-term instability throughout the region because of civilization clash. For claritys sake, the 2011 uprisings refer to the so-called Arab Spring that began in Tunisia and continues today. 4 Civilization clash, the variable that this paper seeks to argue will cause problems in the region for US national security is derived from Samuel P. Huntington article, later a book, titled The Clash of Civilizations. Written nearly two decades ago, Huntington work is particularly helpful in explaining where potential areas of inflict may be in the future. For the dependent variable, long-term instability, creating a metric to quantify it has proven troublesome. This is because the evidence to fully support the thesis has yet to occur, however, by using the historical example of Iran before and after the 1979 Iranian Revolution this research may be able to predict certain key factors to the stability of a nation. Internally, economic indicators such as unemployment rates, GAP growth, trade balances, population below the poverty line and inflation rates all contribute to the stability of a nation. Additionally, the religious, social and political trustees and the role the military has in internal affairs all play a role. Externally, security agreements and partnerships, refugees and conflicts all work together to strengthen or undermine a country. For the purposes of this research, because developing an accurate index/matrix would be a research project in and of itself, we will utilize the excellent work of Dry. Mayer R. F. AAA-Roadman, Mr.. Hair Balkan and Dry. Garage Herd of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy. 4 In the Stability Matrix the researchers take into account a variety of economic, environmental, military and security, political and social factors, assigning each variable a level weighted from one to three: Each factor is given a score of 1-3, where 1 indicates that the factor contributes to stability, 2 indicates that it makes a borderline contribution to stability, and 3 indicates that it contributes to instability. 6 The matrix utilizes indexes from other governmental and non-profit institutions and combines them into a comprehensive database. Some factors listed are beyond the scope of this research, but its application will nonetheless provide clarity 4 Dry. Neff R. F. AAA-Roadman, Mr.. Hair Balkan and Dry. Garage Herd. December 20, 2006. Proposal for a Stability Matrix. Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational Security. Geneva Centre f or Security Policy. Http://www. Gasp. Chi/content/download/ matrixpdPDF See Appendix 2, attached as a separate document due to formatting issues. Ibid. 5 and measurement to the issue of instability. Theoretical Framework Just as international law gives policy-makers and lawyers a framework from which to analyze and decide what can be done, International Relations Theory gives the policy- akAkers framework from which they can analyze and decide what should be done. While International Relations Theory includes dozens of competing worldviews, one of the oldest traditions is that of realism. Dating back to ThDuchessesnd his History of the PePeloponnesusar, realism makes several key assumptions about the international order. First, the international system in anarchic. By anarchic, the traditional definition is typically used, that is, in the literal sense of absence of rule, lack of government anAnarchyoes not imply chaos, absence of order; it is simply the bsabsencef hierarchical political order based on formal subordination and authority. 7 Second, realists assume that states are at the center of the international order. This means that states are the primary actors in the world: states go to war with one another, states sign treaties with one another, states trade with one another. A chief criticism of realism has been its inability to factor noonstagend non-governmental organizations into the equation. Realists typically respond that NGNagstill lack the power and the abilities of states. 8 Although, in the 21st century, this response can, at immimesignore the realities of the world. Third, the principal concern of a state is its own security and survival. 9 Because the international system lacks a leviathan, states are on their own to develop a military, an economy, a 7 Jack Donnelly. Realism and International Relations. (Cambridge press: New York, 2000): 10. Ibid: 7-8. 9 Ibid: 7-8. 6 political and social structure. All of which are threatened by other nation-states who are invariably interested in expanding their own power. Therefore, realists typically place hard power, that is military strength, above soft power issues of economics ndNDolitical influence. Fourth, drawing from the third point, power relations are a fundamental feature of international affair s. 10 As mentioned above, states view the surest way to ensure its own survival is to expand its power. Typically, expanding power results in war. While there are additional criteria that various scholars add to realist theory, these four are the most common assumptions that form the core of the theory. Drawing from these assumptions, this research will expand the definition of realism to include non-governmental organizations. This is because, while realism is exceptionally well- uitiedo explain the behavior of and interactions between nation-states, it tends to have difficulty understanding non-state actors. However, if we treat such actors and strategies many of the realist assumptions about the world still line up. More difficult still is the inclusion and application of Samuel P. HuHuntingtonheory of the Clash of Civilizations. First postulated in a Foreign Affairs article in 1993, and later in a 1996 book, HuHuntingtonheory was hailed as asasnnovative as George KeSeamansontainment theory, and derided as racist and xenophobic. Despite the criticism evevolvedgainst it, the theory is included for two reasons: First, in the eighteen years since its publication, the Clash of Civilizations has shown itself to effectively explain, at least in broad strokes, the world of the 21st century. Second, and even more importantly, it is a theory that, if not by name then by attributes, is frequently quoted by A1AAAaeda and other IsPsalmistss a call to arms for its supporters. 11 Therefore, this research would be remiss to simply ignore HuHuntingtonork. 10 Ibid: 7. 11 CiCoevalCarl J. 2009. The Contours of A1AAAaQaedaedia Strategy. Studies in conflict -reremainsvoVolt2: 853875. 7 At the core of the The Clash of Civilizations is the desire to examine the short- comings of past theories in explaining the post-1990 world and define a new paradigm for international relations. Huntington begins by outlining four possible worlds in which one could find themselves. The first, deemed One World: Euphoria and Harmony12 directly responds to Francis FuFuchsiashe End of History which asserts, among other things, that we may be witnessing ththend of history as such: that is, the end point of mankinds ideological evolution and the ununiversalisticf Western liberal democracy as the final form of government. 13 Ultimately, watching the genocide and cultural conflict that persisted throughout the 19sassHuntington concluded that this world paradigm was simply too divorced from reality. 4 The second paradigm Huntington considers is Two Worlds: Us and Them. 15 This paradigm permeates the majority of human conflict, from the Cold War to the Ancient Greeks, East versus West, Global North versus Global South, Core versus Periphery, it is simple and direct, but in the end is too simplistic to explain an increasingly complex international order. 16 The third paradigm is what Huntington calls 184 states, more or less. 17 Essentially an update of classic realism, this piPicturef the world is a highly useful starting point for analyzing international affairs and explains much state behavior. States are and will remain the dominant entities in world affairs . ovOverallhis stassistaradigm does provide a more realistic picture of and guide to global politics than the one- or two-world paradigms. 18 However, according to Huntington, states are gradually losing power and sovereignty to non- state institutions and actors. The last paradigm is Sheer Chaos19 and is characterized by failed states, massive refugee and humanitarian crises and the prbreadf terrorism. While there certainly are areas of the world that match this description, adopting this as a paradigm 12 Huntington Samuel P. 996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. Simon Schuster: New York, New York: 31 . 13 Ibid. 31. 15 Ibid. 32 16 Ibid. 33 17 Ibid. 33 18 Ibid. 34 19 Ibid. 35 8 offer little to no explanation on insight into the future. 20 Thus, Huntington concludes that a new approach, a new way in which to view the world is needed. Rejecting the overly simplistic and the overly complex, he aims for something of a middle path, a allanceetween reality and parsimony. 21 Creating a cicivilizationodel, Huntington divides the world into nine civilizations. For the cicivilizationpproach, there are four key assumptions: The forces of integration in the world are real and are precisely what are generating cocounterforcef cultural assertion and cicivilizationonsciousness. The world is in some sense two, but the central distinction is between the West as the hitherto dominant civilization and all the other, which, however, have little if anything in common among them. The world, in short, is divided between a Western one and a onmonoesterany. Nation states are and will remain the most important actors in world affairs, but their interests, associations, and conflicts are increasingly shaped by cultural and cicivilizationactors. The world is indeed anarchical, rife with tribal and nationality conflicts, but the conflicts that pose the greatest dangers for stability are those between states or groups from different civilizations. 22 Huntington identifies nine distinct civilizations: Western, Orthodox, Islamic, African, Latin American, SiSonicChinese), Hindu, Buddhist, and Japanese, and lays out a new map of the world. While clearly each civilization has overlap within certain areas and nation-states, and each civilization is far from hohomogeneousithin the defined regions, HuHuntingtonap provides some insight to the cicivilizationaradigm: 20 Ibid. 36. 21 Ibid. 37. 22 Ibid. 36 9 Figure 1 The World of Civilizations: Post-1990 Moreover, because of the increasingly glglobalizesorld, civilizations are coming into contact more and more often which only highlights the differences in culture, language and religion. Upon publication, HuHuntingtonssay created a firestorm of controversy. While considering even a few perspectives that counter the core thesis ouloude a research project in and of itself, it is still useful to understand and rebut some of the criticism. In particular, many academics have criticized HuHuntingtonheory by citing specific examples in the post-Cold War and post-WI 1 period that show the cicivilizationpproach is too simplistic. Their argument is that it fails to take into account clashes within civilizations which, in the case of the RwRwandaenocide, is even deadlier than supposed cicivilizationlashes. Robert Kaplan, a correspondent for Atlantic Monthly and author of several books on, as he calls it, the roreentersf civilization, argues because HuHuntingtonrush is broad, his specifics are vulnerable to attack. 24 He goes on to outline a direct rebuttal put forth by a Johns 23 Ibid: 26-27. 24 Robert Kaplan. February 1994. The Coming Anarchy. In The Coming Anarchy. 2000. Vintage Books, New York. 27. 10 Hopkins professor: The world of Islam divides and subdivides. The battle lines in the Caucasus arAreot coextensive with cicivilizationault lines. The lines follow the interests of states. Where Huntington sees a cicivilizationuel between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Iranian state has cast religious zeal . o Ohe wind . inInhat battle the Iranians have tilted toward Christen Armenia. 25 Kaplan notes that while the professor is correct in his facts, HuHuntingtonheory still holds up because the AzGazerssecular ShShihsview their cultural identity as Turkish. The ArArmeniansimilarly, are not battling the AzGazersecause of religious affiliation but rather because they are Turks, related to the same Turks that massacred ArArmeniann 1915. 26 Additionally, throughout the region TuTurkeyulture is battling Iranian culture, therefore the Iranians and the ArArmenianave a natural enemy in the Turks. 7 Perhaps most interestingly, however, is that the world described by the Johns Hopkins professor is even more dangerous than the one Huntington envisions. 28 While this is but one specific example, this attack is repeated throughout the academic literature. In most instances an analysis such a KaKaplaneveals a world that still supports HuHuntingtonicivilizationheory. The other main charge leveled against this theory is that it fundamentally misunderstands Islamic, SiSonicnd other cultures, in particular citing HuHuntingtonlaims that the failure of Western liberal democracy to take hold in Muslim societies has its source at least in part in the inhospitable nature of Islamic culture and society to Western liberal concepts. 29 Some commentators have argued that the Arab Spring proves cicivilizationheory wrong, particularly that many people in Arab nations do share a universal hunger for liberty. They feel the presence of universal human rights and feel insulted when they are not accorded them. 30 Two points: first, in fairness to Huntington he never claimed that people in 26 27 28 29 Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Huntington. 116. David Brooks. March 4, 2011. HuHuntingtonlash Revisited. New York Times. 27. 11 Muslim nations have been characterized by autocratic leaders and IsSalamisovements. Second, it is still too early in the revolutionary process to make claims that liberty (especially as Westerners understand it) will prevail over a different kind of autocracy in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other countries. A far more likely outcome, as Huntington explains, is that these nation-states will adopt certain aspects of liberal democracy but also incorporate their own culture in their electoral and governing processes. This will be expanded upon later in the research. The inclusion of ivvolitionalheory in this research could be understandably interpreted as a misunderstanding of what Huntington sought to accomplish: that is, an alternative explanation to the theories of realism, idealism and others. Instead, its inclusion is actually explained in part by Huntington himself. Huntington agreed with two realist core assumptions: that the world is anarchical and that nation-states are its primary actors. In this authors mind, cicivilizationheory is best understood as a subset of so-called complex realism which recognizes and attempts to correct realisms short- omominousith the inclusion of additional theories. Therefore, complex realism is best understood as having realist assumptions, but recognizing that NGNagsuch as terrorist organizations play a vital role in determining the security of a nation-state and that conflicts, while between states or non-state actors, are, on a systemic level, often between civilizations. Background and Analysis On December 17, 2010 few analysts or policy-makers would have predicted that the suicide of a young man in North Africa would cause one of the greatest uprisings since the end of the Cold War.

12 Rules for Punctuating Dialogue Like a BOSS

12 Rules for Punctuating Dialogue Like a BOSS How to Punctuate Dialogue: A Guide for Writers Do you use single or double quote marks for dialogue? Find out here. The rules of punctuating dialogue, whether in fiction or non-fiction, are tricksy little creatures. Despite our exposure to hundreds of thousands of dialogue lines, writers aren’t always familiar with how to punctuate a scene where characters are speaking to each other. But this, of course, is by design.With well-written dialogue,  readers shouldn’t notice the periods and quote marks. Their function is to make the words easier to read and disappear into the background. In this post, we’ll take you through the basics of how to punctuate dialogue. By the end, you can be sure that your dialogue never trips over its own commas ever again. Rule #1: Should you use double or single quotation marks?In American English, direct speech is normally represented with double quotation marks:â€Å"It’s time to pay the piper.†You might see British editors occasionally place a period (or full stop, as they say) outside the quote marks. But in those cases, it is not used for spoken dialogue but for quoting "sentence fragments", or perhaps when styling the title of a short story like "The Gift of the Magi". If you have any thoughts or questions, leave a message in the comments below.

Art history term paper - Comparing two portrait modes Essay

Art history term paper - Comparing two portrait modes - Essay Example During the era of the roman republic, they considered it a character sign not to cover or manipulate any physical imperfections and the depiction of men particularly as unconcerned and rugged, especially unconcerned with any form of vanity. Statues with more idealism of Emperors of the Roman Empire got ubiquitous over the imperial era, especially with connection to Rome’s state religion. Tombstones, even those of the modestly well off middle class, exhibited the portraits of unknown dead relatives which were carved in relief. This paper aims to compare the bust of a man and the bust of Emperor Commodus while paying attention to the bust’s formal features, and it further, considers how and why each portrait works to idealize the sitter. The bust of Emperor Commodus and that of man are practically two contradictory artefacts. The two artefacts have distinctly varied characteristics with both possessing different styles. The bust of a man is of a veristic style while the bust of Emperor Commodus is of the Augustus style from prima porta. With each of these styles come different characteristics and representations. The bust of a man has a relation to old fashioned morality, which is a virtuous Roman concept (Fejfer, 2009 p243). Generally, the veristic style consists entirely of later life portraits of men, who more often than not are toothless and balding and consists of faces with poor aging qualities and wrinkles. The bust of a man is a perfect example of this style. The bust seems to be representative of men who are or are aging. In the Veristic style, age is taken quite seriously as it signifies and shows endurance and courage, which man has had to endure through out his life. The portraits physical qualities, whi ch follow veristic styles, are reflective of society and class, which they belong to. The pained and twisted expression on the bust of man are testimony of the similar fashion with which the civil war tore apart the society

Business strategies of Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business strategies of Zara - Essay Example This research will begin with the PESTEL analysis of Zara. PESTEL is a tool which helps in analyzing the external environment for the company. This tool divides the macro environment into six factors which are Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. The PESTEL tool will be utilized to assess the impact of these external factors on the apparel industry in Spain. Among several measures, the Spanish government has increased the corporate tax rate from 24 percent to 24.75 per cent including royalty payments. The increase in tax rates would be effective from 01 January 2012. The increase in tax rates has also been imposed on multinational corporations investing in Spain. The increase in corporate tax rate has led to an increase in the prices of garments and affected the apparel industry of Spain. The current economic situation of the economy is very weak and the average GDP growth of the economy has been very slow since 2007. The GDP growth of Spain was 3.7 p ercent in the year 2009 and 0.2 percent in the year 2010. There has been a major decrease in consumer spending and employment. However, the apparel industry of Spain has been recovering steadily amidst the recession. The export value of garment increased from $68,120 in the year 2009 to $88,821 in the year 2010. As estimated by the analyst the rise in consumer spending on textiles and food would increase by the end of the year 2013. Social As per a survey conducted by Fashion United, a resident of European Union spent 5.3 percent of their salary on clothing and footwear (Fashion United, 2013). This reflects that fashion plays an integral part in the lives of Europeans. Europeans like wearing fashionable clothes and footwear as it enhances their personality. The apparel industry manages to yield profits even amidst a slow economy. Technological Technology plays a pivotal role in the fashion industry. Information Technology has helped the fashion companies of Europe in improving the supply chain management. Majority of the fashion companies use their official website as a medium to communicate and provide information to their customers. European fashion companies use their website extensively as an important communication tool. Technology like Location Based Mobile Technology permits the retailers to track and communicate with their customers (Wang et. al., n.d.). Environmental Most of the European companies have introduced their own environment policies which believe in the conservation of environment and preventing environment degradation. Fashion companies in Europe have introduced their own environmental policies which include usage of ecological fabrics and biodegradable materials in the manufacturing of clothes and footwear. Legal Plagiarism is a huge offence in the fashion industry (Jones, 2005). As per the intellectual property act the company can obtain ownership rights for its work to prevent plagiarism (Canberra Institute of Technology, 2011). In the year 2007, John Galliano was found guilty by the court of France for plagiarism for copying the design of Willam Klein (Daily Mail, 2007). The retail companies found guilty of plagiarism will be tried in the court of their respective countries. Porter’s Five Forces Model Before developing a business strategy, a company needs to identify the forces which affect the profitability of an industry (Henry, 2008). The five forces are as follows 1) Threat of new entrants: If a particular industry is witnessing high profit then it would naturally attract new entrants. A lot of time and cost is invested by the